# Philosophy & Reasoning **Type:** Topic **Words:** 71 ## About Ideas about knowledge, reality, existence, and the principles of sound reasoning. ## Words by Level ### A2 - truth — The real facts about something, rather than what is imagined or invented.; frequency rank 468 - evidence — Facts or signs that show whether something is true or real.; frequency rank 754 - doubt — To think that something is probably not true or unlikely to happen.; frequency rank 1026 - knowledge — Information, facts, and understanding that you gain through learning or experience.; frequency rank 2011 - argument — An angry disagreement between people.; frequency rank 3127 - wisdom — The ability to make good decisions using knowledge and experience.; frequency rank 4060 - logical — Sensible and based on clear reasons.; frequency rank 5795 ### B1 - proof — Information or facts that show something is true.; frequency rank 1634 - existence — The fact or state of being real or present.; frequency rank 3381 - concept — an abstract idea or general notion; frequency rank 4015 - belief — A feeling that something is true or real.; frequency rank 4791 - conclusion — a decision or opinion reached after careful thought; frequency rank 4936 - philosophy — The study of ideas about life, knowledge, truth, and the meaning of existence.; frequency rank 5163 - logic — A sensible way of thinking that uses clear reasons.; frequency rank 5539 - objective — A goal or aim that you are trying to achieve.; frequency rank 6200 - essence — The most basic and important quality that makes something what it is.; frequency rank 6577 - inquiry — A question or request for information.; frequency rank 7437 - rational — Based on clear, sensible thinking rather than emotion.; frequency rank 7692 - philosopher — A person who studies or teaches ideas about life, knowledge, and the meaning of existence.; frequency rank 9499 - certainty — The feeling of being completely sure about something.; frequency rank 10103 ### B2 - consciousness — The state of being awake and able to think and notice things.; frequency rank 5064 - perception — The way you understand or think about something.; frequency rank 9483 - assumption — Something you accept as true without proof.; frequency rank 10031 - paradox — A statement that seems to contradict itself but may still be true.; frequency rank 14347 - ideology — A set of beliefs and ideas, especially political, held by a person or group.; frequency rank 15103 - philosophical — Relating to philosophy or the study of ideas about life and knowledge.; frequency rank 15194 - contradiction — A situation in which two things cannot both be true at the same time.; frequency rank 17195 - deduction — An amount that is taken away from a total.; frequency rank 18316 - theorem — A mathematical statement that is expected to be true.; frequency rank 29066 - inference — A conclusion you reach based on evidence or reasoning rather than direct information.; frequency rank 40700 ### C1 - intuition — The ability to understand or know something immediately, without conscious reasoning.; frequency rank 9679 - reasoning — The process of thinking carefully and logically to reach a conclusion.; frequency rank 12720 - doctrine — A set of beliefs taught by a religion, political group, or other organization.; frequency rank 16392 - premise — A statement or idea that is accepted as true and used as the basis for an argument.; frequency rank 19655 - realism — A practical attitude that accepts the facts of a situation as they really are.; frequency rank 20946 - induction — the act of formally introducing someone into a job, group, or position; frequency rank 23591 - validity — The state of being based on truth, sound reasoning, or solid evidence.; frequency rank 26639 - empirical — Based on observation, experiment, or real experience rather than on theory.; frequency rank 30528 - abstraction — A general idea formed from specific examples, rather than a concrete thing.; frequency rank 47658 - dialectic — of or relating to or employing dialectic; frequency rank 53078 ### C2 - proposition — An idea, plan, or suggestion that is offered for consideration.; frequency rank 7120 - hypothesis — An idea put forward to explain something, which can then be tested.; frequency rank 11795 - conjecture — A guess or opinion based on incomplete evidence.; frequency rank 21504 - dogma — a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative; frequency rank 29811 - skepticism — doubt about the truth of something; frequency rank 30621 - materialism — A strong focus on owning things and having money rather than on spiritual or moral values.; frequency rank 40274 - fallacy — A mistaken belief based on faulty reasoning.; frequency rank 43048 - axiom — A statement accepted as obviously true without needing proof.; frequency rank 58470 - nihilism — the delusion that things, or everything, including the self, do not exist; frequency rank 76714 - stoicism — The quality of accepting pain or hardship calmly, without complaining.; frequency rank 88795 - rationalism — in philosophy, the view that reason can provide at least some substantive knowledge independently of sensory experience, often through innate ideas or a priori reasoning; frequency rank 90775 - syllogism — An argument whose conclusion is supported by two premises, of which one contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion, and the other contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion; common to both premises is a term that is excluded from the conclusion.; frequency rank 91739 - empiricism — A pursuit of knowledge purely through experience, especially by means of observation and sometimes by experimentation.; frequency rank 122321 - utilitarianism — the ethical theory that the best action is the one that produces the greatest overall well-being or happiness; frequency rank 133907 - epistemology — The branch of philosophy dealing with the study of knowledge; the theory of knowledge, asking such questions as "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "How do we know what we know?", "How do we know it is true?", and so on.; frequency rank 136136 - ontology — the branch of metaphysics concerned with being, existence, and the fundamental kinds of things that exist; frequency rank 142242 - dualism — Duality; the condition of being double.; frequency rank 166761 - solipsism — The philosophical idea that only your own mind is sure to exist.; frequency rank 168238 - monism — The doctrine that there is a single source of political authority, especially that the church is subordinate to the state or vice versa.; frequency rank 392326 - teleology — explanation of phenomena by the ends, purposes, or goals they are said to serve - phenomenology — a philosophical approach that studies the structures of conscious experience as they appear to the person experiencing them - existentialism — a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom of choice, and responsibility for shaping one's life ### C2+ - metaphysics — the branch of philosophy studying being and reality; frequency rank 45640 - contemplation — deep, reflective thought or meditation - idealism — the pursuit of high ideals; a philosophy stressing mind or ideas - analytic — relating to or proceeding by analysis; logically rigorous - conceptual — relating to or based on mental concepts or abstract ideas - fallible — capable of making mistakes or being wrong - causality — the relationship between cause and effect - determinism — the doctrine that all events are determined by prior causes - subjective — based on personal feelings or opinions rather than fact