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Simplified etymology
Stake, meaning a thick pointed stick driven into the ground, comes from Old English and is related to stick. Its late medieval gambling sense may derive from the supposed practice of placing a wager on a post, though there is no firm evidence for that custom. Stake a claim arose during the California gold rush, when prospectors marked a claimed plot with wooden stakes.
Etymology
From Middle English stake, from Old English staca (“pin, tack, stake”), from Proto-West Germanic *stakō, from Proto-Germanic *stakô (“stake”), from Proto-Indo-European *stog-, *steg- (“stake”). Cognate with Scots stak, staik, Saterland Frisian Stak, West Frisian staak, Dutch staak, Low German Stake, Norwegian stake, Spanish estaca.