Grammar & Function Words

unless B1

/ənˈlɛs/ Except if; used to say something will happen if a condition is not met. M S

buddy B1

/ˈbʌd.i/ A friend M S

whether B1

/ˈwɛðə(ɹ)/ Used to introduce a choice or doubt between two or more possibilities. M S

according B1

/əˈkɔɹ.dɪŋ/ according to: as stated, reported, or believed by a particular person or source M S

whoever B1

/huˈɛvɚ/ Any person that; the person that. M S

nor B1

/nɔɹ/ And not; used after "neither" or another negative to add a second negative idea. M S

ought B1

/ʊt/ Used to say that something is the right or sensible thing to do. M S

onto B1

/ˈɑn.tu/ To a position on top of or on the surface of something. M S

ours B1

/ˈaʊɚz/ The thing or things that belong to us. M S

whenever B1

/wəˈnɛvɚ/ At any time that; on any occasion that. M S

including B1

/ɪnˈkluːdɪŋ/ Used to mention one or more members of a larger group just named. M S

per B1

/pɝ/ For each. M S

wherever B1

/(h)wɛɹˈɛvɚ/ In, at, or to any place that. M S

despite B1

/dɪˈspaɪt/ Without being affected or stopped by something; in spite of. M S

agreement B1

/əˈɡɹiːmənt/ An arrangement between people or groups about what each will do. M S

throughout B1

/θɹuːˈaʊt/ In every part of a place. M S

vice B1

/ˈvaɪs/ Bad or immoral behavior, or a bad habit. M S

underneath B1

/ˌʌndɚˈniθ/ Directly below or under something. M S

forth B1

/fɔɹθ/ Forward in place, time, or order. M S

beneath B1

/bɪˈniːθ/ Under or below something. M S

provided B1

/prəˈvaɪdəd/ Only if a particular condition is met. M S

various B1

/ˈvɛəɹi.əs/ Several different; more than one of various kinds. M S

regarding B1

/ɹɪˈɡɑɹdɪŋ/ About; concerning a particular subject. M S

fur B1

/fɝ/ The soft, thick hair that covers many animals. M S

via B1

/ˈvaɪə/ By way of; passing through a place. M S

minus B1

/ˈmɑe.nəs/ Made smaller by taking away a number; less. M S

objective B1

/əbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ A goal or aim that you are trying to achieve. M S

hereby B1

/ˌhɪrˈbaɪ/ by this statement, action, or means M S

thorough B1

/ˈθʌɹoʊ/ Careful and complete, leaving nothing out. M S

sufficient B1

/səˈfɪʃənt/ As much as is needed; enough. M S

summit B1

/ˈsʌmət/ The highest point of a mountain or hill. M S

countless B1

/ˈkaʊntləs/ Too many to be counted; very many. M S

numerous B1

/ˈnuməɹəs/ Existing in large numbers; very many. M S

absent B1

/ˈæb.sn̩t/ not in a place where you are expected to be M S

comparison B1

/kəmˈpɛɹ.ɪ.sən/ The act of looking at how two or more things are similar or different. M S

whichever B1

/wɪt͡ʃˈɛvɚ/ Any one or ones that; used to say it does not matter which is chosen. M S

oneself B1

/wʌnˈsɛlf/ A person's own self; the reflexive form used with the general pronoun 'one'. M S

clause B1

/klɔz/ A group of words containing a subject and a verb, which may be a whole sentence or part of one. M S

irregular B1

/ɪˈɹɛɡ.jə.lɚ/ Not happening at equal or expected times M S

auxiliary B1

/ɔɡˈzɪl.(jə).ɹi/ Giving extra help or support to something more important. M S

electron B1

/ɪˈlɛk.tɹɑn/ A tiny particle inside an atom that carries a negative electric charge. M S

comma B1

[ˈkɑ.mə] The punctuation mark ( , ) used to separate parts of a sentence or items in a list. M S

anti B1

/ˈæn.taɪ/ Opposed to something, such as an action, idea, or policy. M S

possessive B1

/pəˈzes.ɪv/ Wanting to control someone and not share them with others. M S

lessen B1

/ˈlɛsən/ To make something smaller or weaker; to reduce. M S

doze B1

/doʊz/ To sleep lightly or for a short time. M S

pronoun B1

/ˈpɹoʊ.naʊn/ A word used in place of a noun, such as 'he', 'she', or 'it'. M S

preposition B1

/ˌpɹɛpəˈzɪʃən/ A word such as "in," "on," or "at" that shows the relationship between a noun and another word in a sentence. M S

modal verb B1

/ˈmoʊdəl/ A helping verb such as 'can', 'must', or 'will' that shows ability, possibility, permission, or obligation. M S

adverbial B1

/ædˈvɝbi.əl/ Relating to or working like an adverb. M S

according to B1

M S

because of B1

M S

definite article B1

M S

full stop B1

M S

indefinite article B1

M S

instead of B1

M S

ought to B1

M S

phrasal verb B1

M S

used to B1

M S