Grammar & Function Words
Small words that connect, point, compare, negate, and structure sentences.
395 words
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Some words in this topic are A2–C2 — part of Pro. A1 words are always free.
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whereupon
C2+
/ˌ(h)wɛrəˈpɑn/
immediately after which or as a consequence of which
M
S
qua
C2+
/kwɑː/
formal: in the capacity or character of; considered specifically as
M
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leastwise
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/ˈliːstˌwaɪz/
at least; in any case or if nothing else; informal or dialectal
M
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nobbut
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/ˈnɒbət/
Northern English dialect: only; merely; nothing but
M
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whichway
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/ˈwɪtʃˌweɪ/
dialectal: where or in which direction
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aught
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/ɔt/
anything at all; the slightest thing
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condemnation
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/ˌkɑndɛmˈneɪʃən/
the expression of strong disapproval or a formal sentence
M
S
atomy
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/ˈætəmi/
a tiny particle or diminutive being; an atom or mote
M
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apropos
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/ˌæprəˈpoʊ/
relevant to the matter; with reference to
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mid
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/mɪd/
in the middle part of; central
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ex
C2+
/ɛks/
(informal) a former spouse or partner
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sith
C2+
/sɪθ/
archaic word for since or seeing that
M
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amidst
C2+
/əˈmɪdst/
in the middle of; surrounded by
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S
fromward
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/ˈfrʌmwɚd/
away from; directed away (archaic)
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S
howso
C2+
/ˈhaʊsoʊ/
in whatever way; however (archaic)
M
S
parole
C2+
/pəˈroʊl/
early conditional release of a prisoner before a sentence ends
M
S
sithe
C2+
/saɪð/
an archaic form of 'since'; also a dialectal variant of scythe
M
S
speck
C2+
/spɛk/
a tiny spot or particle
M
S
afore
C2+
/əˈfɔr/
before, in place or time (archaic or dialectal)
M
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attainder
C2+
/əˈteɪndɚ/
the legal forfeiture of rights and property following a sentence of death or outlawry
M
S
barring
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/ˈbɑrɪŋ/
except for; apart from the possibility of
M
S
betwixt
C2+
/bɪˈtwɪkst/
between (archaic or literary)
M
S
circa
C2+
/ˈsɚkə/
approximately; used with dates to indicate an estimate
M
S
doomsman
C2+
/ˈdumzmən/
archaic term for a judge or one who pronounces sentence
M
S
durative
C2+
/ˈdʊrətɪv/
in grammar, denoting continuing or ongoing action
M
S
ere
C2+
/ɛr/
before (in time)
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howbeit
C2+
/haʊˈbiɪt/
nevertheless; be that as it may
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S
howsoever
C2+
/ˌhaʊsoʊˈɛvɚ/
in whatever way or to whatever degree
M
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outwith
C2+
/ˌaʊtˈwɪθ/
outside of or beyond (chiefly Scots usage)
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pending
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/ˈpɛndɪŋ/
awaiting decision or settlement; until
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sithence
C2+
/ˈsɪðəns/
archaic word meaning since, afterward, or because
M
S
whence
C2+
/wɛns/
from what place or source
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S
executioner
C2+
/ˌɛksɪˈkjuʃənɚ/
a person who carries out a sentence of death
M
S
failing
C2+
/ˈfeɪlɪŋ/
a weakness or shortcoming in character or ability
M
S
filing
C2+
/ˈfaɪlɪŋ/
a document submitted to an official body, or a particle filed off metal
M
S
forasmuch
C2+
/ˌfɔrəzˈmʌtʃ/
in view of the fact that; seeing that (used with 'as')
M
S
forthy
C2+
/ˈfɔrði/
therefore; for that reason (archaic)
M
S
handcraft
C2+
/ˈhændˌkræft/
to make skilfully by hand; an article so made
M
S
inchoative
C2+
/ɪnˈkoʊətɪv/
expressing the beginning of an action or a change of state, especially in grammar
M
S
lede
C2+
/lid/
the opening sentence or paragraph of a news story summarizing its essence
M
S
mah
C2+
/mɑ/
(dialect/informal) variant of 'my' or 'ma'
M
S
modal
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/ˈmoʊdəl/
relating to mode or form; in grammar, expressing possibility or necessity
M
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naught
C2+
/nɔt/
nothing; zero
M
S
negation
C2+
/nɪˈɡeɪʃən/
the act of denying or the contradiction of something
M
S
negatory
C2+
/ˈnɛɡəˌtɔri/
expressing denial or negation; (informal) no
M
S
overjealous
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/ˌoʊvɚˈdʒɛləs/
excessively jealous or possessive
M
S
preverb
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/ˈpriˌvɝb/
a prefix or particle placed before a verb to modify its meaning
M
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providing
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/prəˈvaɪdɪŋ/
on the condition that; provided that
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reflexive
C2+
/rɪˈflɛksɪv/
performed automatically; in grammar, referring back to the subject
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relatival
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/ˌrɛləˈtaɪvəl/
of or relating to a relative pronoun or relative clause
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sentential
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/sɛnˈtɛnʃəl/
relating to a sentence or to logical propositions
M
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thee
C2+
/ði/
archaic objective form of thou, meaning you (singular)
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thou
C2+
/ðaʊ/
archaic second-person singular pronoun meaning you
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whichsoever
C2+
/ˌwɪtʃ.soʊˈɛv.ɚ/
whichever; any one or ones, no matter which
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whiles
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/waɪlz/
while; during the time that (archaic or dialectal)
M
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whomever
C2+
/huːmˈɛv.ɚ/
the objective form of whoever; any person whom
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ye
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/jiː/
you (archaic plural or formal), or an old form of the
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yee
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/jiː/
an exclamation of excitement, or a dialectal form of you/ye
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yonder
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/ˈjɑn.dɚ/
at or in that place over there; at a distance within sight
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they'll
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/ðeɪl/
a contraction of they will or, less commonly, they shall
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that's
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/ðəts/
a contraction of that is
M
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let's
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/lɛts/
used before a verb to suggest that the speaker and one or more other people do something
M
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couldn't
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/ˈkʊd.n̩t/
a contraction of could not, used to express inability, impossibility, or a negative past possibility
M
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they'd
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/ðeɪd/
a contraction of they had when had is an auxiliary verb
M
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hadn't
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/ˈhæd.n̩t/
a contraction of had not, used with a past participle or in other negative forms of had
M
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can't
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/kɑːnt/
a contraction of cannot, used to express inability or impossibility
M
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there's
C2+
/ðəɹz/
a contraction of there is
M
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i'm
C2+
/a(ɪ)m/
a contraction of I am
M
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mustn't
C2+
/ˈmʌs.n̩t/
a contraction of must not, used to express prohibition or a strong negative necessity
M
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here's
C2+
/hɪɹz/
a contraction of here is
M
S
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