Philosophy & Reasoning

Ideas about knowledge, reality, existence, and the principles of sound reasoning.

71 words

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Some words in this topic are A2–C2 — part of Pro. A1 words are always free.

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A2 (7) Pro

/tɹuθ/ The real facts about something, rather than what is imagined or invented. M S

[ˈɛv.ɪ.ɾɪns] Facts or signs that show whether something is true or real. M S

/dʌʊt/ To think that something is probably not true or unlikely to happen. M S

/ˈnɑlɪdʒ/ Information, facts, and understanding that you gain through learning or experience. M S

/ˈɑɹɡjʊmənt/ An angry disagreement between people. M S

/ˈwɪzdəm/ The ability to make good decisions using knowledge and experience. M S

/ˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/ Sensible and based on clear reasons. M S

B1 (13) Pro

/pɹuf/ Information or facts that show something is true. M S

/ɛɡˈzɪs.təns/ The fact or state of being real or present. M S

/ˈkɑn.sɛpt/ an abstract idea or general notion M S

/bɪˈliːf/ A feeling that something is true or real. M S

/kənˈkluːʒən/ a decision or opinion reached after careful thought M S

/fɪˈlɑ.sə.fi/ The study of ideas about life, knowledge, truth, and the meaning of existence. M S

/ˈlɑ.d͡ʒɪk/ A sensible way of thinking that uses clear reasons. M S

/əbˈd͡ʒɛk.tɪv/ A goal or aim that you are trying to achieve. M S

/ˈɛsəns/ The most basic and important quality that makes something what it is. M S

/ɪnˈkwaɪ(ə)ɹi/ A question or request for information. M S

/ˈɹæʃ(ə)nəl/ Based on clear, sensible thinking rather than emotion. M S

/fəˈlɑsəfɚ/ A person who studies or teaches ideas about life, knowledge, and the meaning of existence. M S

/ˈsɝtn̩ti/ The feeling of being completely sure about something. M S

B2 (10) Pro

consciousness B2

/ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/ The state of being awake and able to think and notice things. M S

/pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/ The way you understand or think about something. M S

/əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/ Something you accept as true without proof. M S

/ˈpæɹ.əˌdɑks/ A statement that seems to contradict itself but may still be true. M S

/aɪ.diˈɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/ A set of beliefs and ideas, especially political, held by a person or group. M S

philosophical B2

/ˌfɪl.əˈsɑ.fɪ.kl̩/ Relating to philosophy or the study of ideas about life and knowledge. M S

contradiction B2

/ˌkɑːntɹəˈdɪkʃən/ A situation in which two things cannot both be true at the same time. M S

/dɪˈdʌkʃən/ An amount that is taken away from a total. M S

/ˈθiərəm/ A mathematical statement that is expected to be true. M S

/ˈɪn.fɚ.əns/ A conclusion you reach based on evidence or reasoning rather than direct information. M S

C1 (10) Pro

/ˌɪn.tuˈɪʃ.ən/ The ability to understand or know something immediately, without conscious reasoning. M S

/ˈɹiːzənɪŋ/ The process of thinking carefully and logically to reach a conclusion. M S

/ˈdɑk.tɹɪn/ A set of beliefs taught by a religion, political group, or other organization. M S

/ˈpɹem.ɪs/ A statement or idea that is accepted as true and used as the basis for an argument. M S

/ˈɹi.əlɪzəm/ A practical attitude that accepts the facts of a situation as they really are. M S

/ɪnˈdʌkʃən/ the act of formally introducing someone into a job, group, or position M S

/vəˈlɪd.ᵻ.ti/ The state of being based on truth, sound reasoning, or solid evidence. M S

/ˌɛmˈpɪrɪkəl/ Based on observation, experiment, or real experience rather than on theory. M S

/æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/ A general idea formed from specific examples, rather than a concrete thing. M S

/ˌdaɪəˈlɛktɪk/ of or relating to or employing dialectic M S

C2 (22) Pro

/ˌpɹɑpəˈzɪʃən/ An idea, plan, or suggestion that is offered for consideration. M S

[haɪˈpʰɑθəsɪs] An idea put forward to explain something, which can then be tested. M S

/kənˈd͡ʒɛk.t͡ʃɚ/ A guess or opinion based on incomplete evidence. M S

/ˈdɔɡ.mə/ a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative M S

/ˈskɛp.tɪˌsɪ.zəm/ doubt about the truth of something M S

/məˈtɪɹiəlɪzəm/ A strong focus on owning things and having money rather than on spiritual or moral values. M S

/ˈfɛl.ə.si/ A mistaken belief based on faulty reasoning. M S

/ˈæk.si.əm/ A statement accepted as obviously true without needing proof. M S

/ˈnaɪ.əˌlɪz.m̩/ the delusion that things, or everything, including the self, do not exist M S

/ˈstoʊɪsɪzəm/ The quality of accepting pain or hardship calmly, without complaining. M S

/ˈræʃ.ən.əl.ɪ.zəm/ in philosophy, the view that reason can provide at least some substantive knowledge independently of sensory experience, often through innate ideas or a priori reasoning M S

/ˈsɪlədʒɪz(ə)m/ An argument whose conclusion is supported by two premises, of which one contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion, and the other contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion; common to both premises is a term that is excluded from the conclusion. M S

/ɛmˈpɪrəˌsɪzəm/ A pursuit of knowledge purely through experience, especially by means of observation and sometimes by experimentation. M S

utilitarianism C2

/ˌjuːtɪlɪˈteriənɪzəm/ the ethical theory that the best action is the one that produces the greatest overall well-being or happiness M S

epistemology C2

/ɪˌpɪstəˈmɑləd͡ʒi/ The branch of philosophy dealing with the study of knowledge; the theory of knowledge, asking such questions as "What is knowledge?", "How is knowledge acquired?", "What do people know?", "How do we know what we know?", "How do we know it is true?", and so on. M S

/ɑnˈtɑlədʒi/ the branch of metaphysics concerned with being, existence, and the fundamental kinds of things that exist M S

/ˈduːəˌlɪzəm/ Duality; the condition of being double. M S

/ˈsɒlɪpsɪzəm/ The philosophical idea that only your own mind is sure to exist. M S

/ˈmɑnɪzəm/ The doctrine that there is a single source of political authority, especially that the church is subordinate to the state or vice versa. M S

/ˌtɛliˈɑlədʒi/ explanation of phenomena by the ends, purposes, or goals they are said to serve M S

phenomenology C2

/fɪˌnɑməˈnɑləd͡ʒi/ a philosophical approach that studies the structures of conscious experience as they appear to the person experiencing them M S

existentialism C2

/ˌɛɡzəˈstɛn(t)ʃəˌlɪzəm/ a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom of choice, and responsibility for shaping one's life M S

C2+ (9) Pro

metaphysics C2+

/ˌmɛtəˈfɪzɪks/ the branch of philosophy studying being and reality M S

contemplation C2+

/ˌkɑntəmˈpleɪʃən/ deep, reflective thought or meditation M S

/aɪˈdiːəˌlɪzəm/ the pursuit of high ideals; a philosophy stressing mind or ideas M S

/ˌænəˈlɪtɪk/ relating to or proceeding by analysis; logically rigorous M S

/kənˈsɛptʃuəl/ relating to or based on mental concepts or abstract ideas M S

/ˈfæləbəl/ capable of making mistakes or being wrong M S

/kɔˈzæləti/ the relationship between cause and effect M S

determinism C2+

/dɪˈtɝmɪˌnɪzəm/ the doctrine that all events are determined by prior causes M S

/səbˈdʒɛktɪv/ based on personal feelings or opinions rather than fact M S

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