sluggishness C2+ Topic:Science & Research US /ˈslʌɡɪʃnəs/ UK /ˈslʌɡɪʃnəs/ See IPA manual Meanings 1 noun the state of being slow, dull, or lacking energy A heavy lunch left him with a familiar afternoon sluggishness. Thesaurus Synonyms 1 noun · the state of being slow,... lethargytorporlistlessnessslownessinertialanguor ↔ Opposites energyvigorlivelinessbriskness Word family Related forms slugsluggishsluggishly Etymology AI details From sluggish (from slug, of Scandinavian origin) plus the native noun suffix -ness. slugg Old Norse View etymology graph -> Topics Science & Research Word Formation & Derivatives External links Cambridge Dictionary Wiktionary Google Images # sluggishness **Type:** Word **Level:** C2+ **Part of speech:** noun **IPA (US):** /ˈslʌɡɪʃnəs/ **IPA (UK):** /ˈslʌɡɪʃnəs/ ## Meanings 1. the state of being slow, dull, or lacking energy ## Examples - A heavy lunch left him with a familiar afternoon sluggishness. ## Synonyms - lethargy - torpor - listlessness - slowness - inertia - languor ## Antonyms - energy - vigor - liveliness - briskness ## Related Forms - slug - sluggish - sluggishly ## Roots and Affixes - Root: slugg ## Etymology From sluggish (from slug, of Scandinavian origin) plus the native noun suffix -ness. ## AI Etymology Sluggishness comes from sluggish (from slug, of Scandinavian origin) plus the native noun suffix -ness. The historical chain includes Old Norse slugg. Morphologically, sluggishness is best read as suffixal formation, yielding an English noun shaped by both form history and later usage. In current English it functions as a noun, with the sense "the state of being slow, dull, or lacking energy". related forms include slug, sluggish, and sluggishly. The result is an English noun whose etymology preserves the older forms while supporting the word's specialized modern meaning. ## Topics - Science & Research - Word Formation & Derivatives markdown