Grammar & Function Words
Small words that connect, point, compare, negate, and structure sentences.
319 words
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you
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/jə/
The person or people being spoken to, as the subject of a sentence.
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I
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/aɪ/
The word a speaker or writer uses to refer to themselves as the subject of a sentence.
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the
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/ðə/
Used before a noun to refer to a specific person or thing already known or mentioned.
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to
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/tuː/
In the direction of; so as to reach a place.
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a
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/eɪ/
used before a noun to refer to one person or thing that is not specific or not already known
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it
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/ɪt/
Used to refer to a thing, animal, or idea already mentioned
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and
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/ænd/
Used to join two words, phrases, or sentences that are taken together.
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that
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/ðət/
Used to introduce a clause stating what someone says, thinks, or believes.
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of
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/ʌv/
Belonging to or connected with someone or something.
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is
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/ɪz/
Third-person singular present tense of be
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in
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/ɪn/
Inside a place, container, or area.
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what
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/wʌt/
Used to ask for information about a thing or situation.
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we
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/wi/
Used by a speaker to refer to themselves and one or more other people.
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me
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/mi/
The form of 'I' used as the object of a verb or preposition.
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this
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/ðɪs/
Referring to a person or thing that is here or nearby.
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he
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/ˈhiː/
Used to refer to a male person or animal already mentioned or known.
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for
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/fɔɹ/
Intended to belong to or be given to someone.
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my
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/maɪ/
Belonging to or connected with me.
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on
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/ɔn/
Working, active, or switched to operate.
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have
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/hæv/
To own or possess something.
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your
A1
/jɔː(ɹ)/
Belonging to or connected with you.
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was
A1
/wəz/
Past tense of "be" used with I, he, she, or it.
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no
A1
/noʊ/
Used to give a negative answer or to refuse or disagree.
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not
A1
/nɑt/
Used to make a word or sentence negative.
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be
A1
/biː/
Used to describe or identify someone or something.
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are
A1
/ə(ɹ)/
Present tense form of 'be' used with you, we, and they.
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can
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/kən/
To be able to do something.
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with
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/wɪð/
In the company of someone or something.
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but
A1
/ˈbʌt/
Used to introduce something that contrasts with what has just been said.
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all
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/ɔl/
Every one of a group, with no exceptions.
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so
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/soʊ/
To a very great degree or extent.
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they
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/ðeɪ/
The people, animals, or things already mentioned.
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she
A1
/ʃi/
Used to refer to a female person or animal mentioned earlier.
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if
A1
/ɪf/
Used to say that something will happen or be true only when another thing happens.
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about
A1
/əˈbɐʊ̯t/
on the subject of; concerning
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at
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/æt/
In or near a particular place.
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him
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/ˈhɪm/
Used as the object of a verb or preposition to refer to a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned.
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one
A1
/wʌn/
The number 1; the smallest counting number.
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her
A1
/ˈhɝ/
The form of 'she' used as the object of a verb or preposition.
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how
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/haʊ/
In what way or by what means.
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will
A1
/wɪl/
Used to talk about the future.
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as
A1
/əz/
While; during the time that something happens.
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did
A1
/dɪd/
Past tense of 'do'; used to talk about an action that already happened.
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who
A1
[hu(ː)]
Used to ask about the identity of a person or people.
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why
A1
/waɪ/
For what reason or purpose.
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from
A1
/fɹʌm/
Used to show where someone or something comes from.
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his
A1
/hɪz/
Belonging to or connected with a man, boy, or male animal already mentioned.
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yes
A1
/jɛs/
Used to show agreement or to give a positive answer.
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when
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/ˈwɛn/
At what time.
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an
A1
/ˈæn/
The form of "a" used before words that begin with a vowel sound; refers to one person or thing not already mentioned.
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us
A1
/əs/
The object form of 'we'; the speaker together with one or more other people.
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would
A1
/wʊd/
Used to talk about the result of an imagined or unlikely situation.
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them
A1
/ˈðɛm/
Used to refer to people, animals, or things already mentioned, as the object of a verb or preposition.
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where
A1
/wɛə(ɹ)/
In, at, or to what place.
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were
A1
/wə(ɹ)/
Past tense of 'be' used with you, we, and they.
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then
A1
/ðɛn/
At that time; in the past or future being talked about.
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had
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/hæd/
Past tense and past participle of "have".
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or
A1
/ə(ɹ)/
Used to link alternatives, only one of which need apply.
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our
A1
/ˈaʊə(ɹ)/
Belonging to or connected with us.
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some
A1
/sʌm/
An unspecified amount of something you cannot count.
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could
A1
/kʊd/
Was able to (past form of 'can').
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by
A1
/baɪ/
Used to show who or what does or causes something.
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something
A1
/ˈsʌm.θɪŋ/
A thing that is not named or not known exactly.
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has
A1
/hæz/
Third-person singular present of 'have'; to own, hold, or possess.
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more
A1
/mɔɹ/
A larger number or amount of something.
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over
A1
/ˈoʊ.vɚ/
Finished; ended.
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because
A1
/bɪˈkʌz/
For the reason that; used to explain why something happens.
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should
A1
/ʃəd/
Used to say what is the right or sensible thing to do.
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am
A1
/əm/
First-person singular present of "be".
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any
A1
/ɛni/
Some amount or number of, used in questions and negatives.
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much
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/mʌtʃ/
A large amount of something.
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these
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/ðiz/
Plural of this; referring to people or things nearby.
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into
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/ˈɪn.tu/
Moving to the inside of a place or thing.
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anything
A1
/ˈɛn.i.θɪŋ/
A thing of any kind; it does not matter what.
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nothing
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/ˈnʌθɪŋ/
Not anything; no thing.
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their
A1
/ðeɹ/
Belonging to or relating to them.
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must
A1
/məst/
Used to say that something is necessary or required.
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before
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/bɪˈfoɹ/
Earlier than a particular time.
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other
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/ˈʌðɚ/
Not the same as the one already mentioned; different.
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after
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/ˈæftər/
Later in time than; following.
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than
A1
/ðæn/
Used to compare two things or people.
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those
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/ðoʊz/
The plural of 'that'; used to point to people or things that are further away or already known.
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everything
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/ˈɛv(ə)ɹiˌθɪŋ/
All the things there are, or all the things being talked about.
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does
A1
/dəz/
Third-person singular present of "do".
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around
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/əˈraʊnd/
Surrounding or on every side of something.
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which
A1
/wɪt͡ʃ/
Used to ask about a particular one or ones from a known group.
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someone
A1
/ˈsʌmˌwən/
A person who is not named or known; somebody.
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every
A1
/ˈɛv.(ə.)ri/
All the members of a group, considered one by one with no exceptions.
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through
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/θɹu/
From one side or end of something to the other.
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May
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/meɪ/
Used to ask for or give permission.
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another
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/əˈnʌð.ə(ɹ)/
One more of the same kind, in addition to what you already have.
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own
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/oʊn/
To have something as your property; to legally possess it.
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same
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/seːm/
Not different; exactly alike or identical.
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else
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/ɛlts/
Other; in addition to or different from what has already been mentioned.
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many
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/ˈmɛni/
A large number of (people or things you can count).
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yourself
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/jəˈsɛlf/
Your own self; used when you are both the subject and the object of an action.
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