indurate

C2+ Topic:Cause, Change & Process

US /ˈɪndʊreɪt/ UK /ˈɪndjʊreɪt/ See IPA manual

Meanings

1

verb
to make or become hard, or to harden in feeling

Repeated hardship had indurated him against any plea for pity.

Thesaurus

Synonyms

1 verb · to make or become hard, or... harden solidify stiffen calloustoughensteel

Opposites

soften mollify

Word family

Derived forms indurationindurative

Related forms durable duration endure durance

Etymology

From Latin induratus, past participle of indurare ('to harden'), from in- (intensive) + durare ('to harden, last'), from durus ('hard').

indurare Latin durus Latin

View etymology graph ->

Topics

Cause, Change & Process Actions & Processes Word Formation & Derivatives

External links

# indurate

**Type:** Word
**Level:** C2+
**Part of speech:** verb
**IPA (US):** /ˈɪndʊreɪt/
**IPA (UK):** /ˈɪndjʊreɪt/

## Meanings
1. to make or become hard, or to harden in feeling

## Examples
- Repeated hardship had indurated him against any plea for pity.

## Synonyms
- harden
- solidify
- stiffen
- callous
- toughen
- steel

## Antonyms
- soften
- mollify

## Derived Forms
- induration
- indurative

## Related Forms
- durable
- duration
- endure
- durance

## Roots and Affixes
- Root: indurare
- Root: durus

## Etymology
From Latin induratus, past participle of indurare ('to harden'), from in- (intensive) + durare ('to harden, last'), from durus ('hard').

## AI Etymology
indurate comes from Latin induratus, past participle of indurare ('to harden'), from in- (intensive) + durare ('to harden, last'), from durus ('hard'). Morphologically, the prefixed shape matters: the initial element belongs to the recorded formation and helps explain the modern form's surface analysis. In present English, the verb sense is "to make or become hard, or to harden in feeling", so the historical development ends in a clearly identifiable modern dictionary use. The same base also appears in related forms such as durable, duration, endure, and durance, and in derivatives such as induration and indurative. Its semantic neighborhood includes harden, solidify, stiffen, and callous, which helps locate the modern sense without adding a separate etymological claim. The named historical forms include Latin indurare and Latin durus.

## Topics
- Cause, Change & Process
- Actions & Processes
- Word Formation & Derivatives

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