Sardonic comes from French sardonique, from Latin sardonius, altered after Sardonia ('Sardinia'); from Ancient Greek sardónios, said to refer to a Sardinian plant that produced facial convulsions resembling a bitter grin. The historical chain includes Latin sardonius and Ancient Greek sardónios. Older glosses in the chain include "Sardinia", which help explain the semantic range of the modern word. Morphologically, sardonic is best read as borrowing, yielding an English adjective shaped by both form history and later usage. In current English it functions as an adjective, with the sense "grimly mocking, scornful, or cynically humorous". English derivatives include sardonically and sardonicism. The result is an English adjective whose etymology preserves the older forms while supporting the word's specialized modern meaning.