Law & Government

Rules, rights, courts, institutions, and public administration.

783 words

# Law & Government

**Type:** Topic
**Words:** 783

## About
Rules, rights, courts, institutions, and public administration.

## Words by Level

### A1
- right - Correct in opinion or fact; not mistaken.
- stay - To remain in one place and not leave.
- break - To separate something into pieces, or to make it stop working, often suddenly.
- rule - An instruction that says what you are or are not allowed to do.

### A2
- officer - A member of the police.
- seat - Something you sit on, such as a chair or part of a chair.
- police - The official organization, and its members, whose job is to keep order, prevent crime, and make sure people obey the law.
- death - The end of life; the act or fact of dying.
- state - The condition that someone or something is in at a particular time.
- law - An official rule that everyone in a country or community must obey.
- court - A place where legal cases are heard and judged.
- government - The group of people who officially control and run a country.
- lawyer - A person whose job is to advise people about the law and represent them in court.
- suit - A set of matching clothes, usually a jacket with trousers or a skirt.
- secretary - a person who handles letters, phone calls, and office tasks for someone or an organization
- official - Approved by or coming from a person in authority.
- appear - To seem to be a certain way.
- license - An official document that gives you permission to do or own something.
- illegal - Not allowed by the law.
- claim - To say that something is true, often without proof.
- lack - The state of not having something, or not having enough of it.
- complaint - A statement that you are unhappy or annoyed about something.
- ID card
- police officer
- decision - A choice you make after thinking about something.
- unmarried - not married or related to the unmarried state

### B1
- judge - An official who controls a court of law and decides how criminals should be punished.
- vote - To formally show which person or choice you support in an election or decision.
- detective - A police officer whose job is to solve crimes by gathering evidence.
- duty - Something you have to do because it is right or because the law or your job requires it.
- witness - To see something happen, especially an event or a crime.
- sheriff - The main law-enforcement officer of a county, often elected.
- finding - Something discovered as a result of research or investigation.
- responsibility - A duty or task that you are expected to deal with.
- legal - Allowed or required by law.
- county - A region within a country or state, used for local government.
- authority - The power or right to give orders and make people obey.
- policy - An official plan or set of rules that a government, company, or person decides to follow.
- bond - To form a close emotional connection with someone.
- inform - To tell someone about something officially or formally.
- election - An event in which people vote to choose a leader or representative.
- officially - In a way that is approved by an authority or follows the rules.
- ward - A section of a hospital for patients who need similar care.
- session - A period of time spent doing a particular activity.
- appeal - The quality of being attractive or interesting.
- recover - To return to good health after being ill or injured.
- require - To need something.
- permit - To allow someone to do something.
- announcement - A public or official statement giving people information.
- formal - Following accepted rules of polite or official behaviour, dress, or language.
- legally - In a way that is allowed by law.
- eliminate - To completely remove or get rid of something.
- representative - A person chosen to act or speak for others.
- constitution - The set of basic laws and principles by which a country or organization is governed.
- ecstasy - A feeling of very intense happiness or delight.
- disturbance - Something that interrupts a normal, peaceful, or regular situation.
- illegally - In a way that breaks the law.
- outlaw - A criminal, especially one who is on the run from the law.
- formally - In a serious or official way, following accepted rules.
- regulation - An official rule made by a government or organization.
- lawful - Allowed by or in accordance with the law.
- govern - To officially rule and control a country, state, or organization.
- commonly - Often; usually; as a general rule.
- requirement - Something that you must have or do, especially by rule or law.
- copyright - The legal right to control who can copy, publish, and sell a creative work.
- similarity - The state of being alike, or a feature that two or more things share.
- untidy - Not neat; messy and in disorder
- calmness - The state of being relaxed and peaceful.
- ban - To officially forbid something, especially by law or rule.
- appropriation - a deliberate act of acquisition of something, often without the permission of the owner
- statutory - prescribed or authorized by or punishable under a statute
- guardian - Someone who guards, watches over, or protects.
- legality - the state or quality of being permitted by or consistent with the law
- legalize - to make something lawful or officially permitted, especially something that was previously illegal
- approver - a person or authority empowered to approve a request, decision, or proposal
- actionable - specific and useful enough to provide a practical basis for taking action
- deportation - the legal removal of a foreign national from a country, usually by government order

### B2
- jury - A group of people chosen to listen to a court case and decide whether someone is guilty.
- sue - To take legal action against someone in a court of law.
- federal - Relating to the central national government, as opposed to state or local government.
- deputy - A person whose rank is just below the leader and who can act for them.
- testify - To give evidence in a court of law, usually under oath.
- obey - To do what a person, rule, or law tells you to do.
- testimony - A formal statement made by a witness in a court of law.
- commission - An official group of people chosen to do a particular job or investigate something.
- paperwork - The routine writing and handling of documents, forms, and reports.
- oath - A serious, formal promise to do something or to tell the truth.
- cabinet - A piece of furniture with shelves or drawers for storing or showing things.
- fame - The state of being well known to many people.
- penalty - A punishment given for breaking a rule or law.
- lobby - A large entrance area or waiting room inside a building.
- parliament - The group of elected people who make a country's laws.
- plead - To ask for something in a very emotional and urgent way.
- voting - The act or process of casting a vote in an election or decision.
- submit - To give or send something to someone in authority for them to consider.
- exhibit - To show something publicly, especially in a museum or gallery.
- exposure - The state of being affected by something, such as a substance or influence.
- lawsuit - A legal case that one person or group brings against another in a court of law.
- recognition - The act of knowing someone or something because you have seen them before.
- obligation - Something you must do because of a law, promise, or moral duty.
- irresponsible - Not thinking about or caring about the results of your actions
- chancellor - A senior government official, often in charge of finance or law.
- dismiss - To decide that something or someone is not worth considering or taking seriously.
- contempt - A strong feeling that someone or something is worthless and deserves no respect.
- unity - The state of being joined together as one; agreement and harmony.
- defy - To refuse to obey a person, rule, or law.
- accusation - A statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
- condemn - to say strongly that something is wrong or that you disapprove of it
- impose - To officially force a rule, tax, or punishment on people.
- prosecute - To officially accuse someone of a crime and try them in court.
- immortality - The state of being able to live forever.
- ownership - The fact of owning something; legal possession.
- competent - Having enough skill, knowledge, or ability to do something well.
- bankruptcy - The legal state of being unable to pay your debts.
- violate - To break a law, rule, agreement, or promise.
- nomination - The act of officially suggesting someone for a job, position, or award.
- obedient - Willing to do what you are told by someone in authority.
- commonwealth - A group of countries or states that share a common government or interests.
- administrative - Relating to the management or organization of a business, institution, or system.
- overthrow - To remove a government or leader from power, especially by force.
- enforce - To make sure a law, rule, or agreement is obeyed.
- juror - A member of a jury in a court of law.
- legislation - A law or set of laws made by a government.
- unauthorized - Done or made without official permission.
- prefect - An older school pupil given authority over other students.
- righteousness - The quality of being morally good and doing what is right.
- prescribe - To officially tell a patient to use a particular medicine or treatment.
- rebellious - Refusing to obey rules or those in authority.
- relaxation - The state of resting and being free from work, stress, or worry.
- unofficial - Not announced or confirmed by an authority; not yet official
- bureaucracy - A system of government or management run through many departments and strict official rules.
- compulsory - that must be done because of a rule or law
- assert - To state firmly that something is true.
- fiscal - Relating to government money, taxes, and public spending.
- deem - To consider or judge something to be a certain way.
- provision - A condition or rule in a law or contract.
- voter - A person who votes or has the right to vote in an election.
- socialize - To spend time with other people in a friendly, relaxed way.
- overturn - To officially change or cancel a decision, especially a legal one.
- competence - The ability to do something well, with the necessary skill or knowledge.
- prohibit - To officially forbid something, often by law or rule.
- certify - To state officially that something has met a required standard.
- infringement - An act of breaking a law, rule, or agreement.
- dissident - A person who publicly disagrees with and opposes their government or its policies.
- criterion - A standard or rule used to judge or compare things.
- guideline - A general rule or piece of advice that tells you how something should be done.
- legislator - A person who makes or votes on laws, especially a member of a parliament or congress.
- penalize - To punish someone for breaking a rule or law.
- infringe - To break or violate a law, agreement, or someone's rights.
- lawmaker - A person who creates or passes laws, such as a member of parliament or congress.
- polity - An organized society or state with its own form of government.
- vapor - Cloudy diffused matter such as mist, steam or fumes suspended in the air.
- blackness - The state or quality of being black in colour.
- advisable - Worthy of being recommended; desirable.
- neatly - with neatness
- freeman - a person who is not a serf or a slave
- proletariat - Wage earners collectively; people who own no capital and depend on their labour for survival; the working class, especially when seen as engaged in a class struggle with the bourgeoisie (“the capital-owning class”).
- informer - A person who tells authorities about improper or illegal activity.
- writ - Authority, power to enforce compliance.
- assessor - a person whose job is to evaluate a person's work, ability, or compliance with a standard
- regent - a person who governs temporarily for a monarch who is absent, underage, or unable to rule
- federation - a political union whose constituent states or regions retain some internal self-government
- inaugural - marking the beginning or first occurrence of an activity, series, or institution
- unclaimed - not collected, requested, or taken by the person entitled to something
- eligibility - the state of meeting the conditions required to take part in, receive, or be chosen for something
- township - an administrative division of a county or other larger local-government area
- disinherit - to prevent someone from receiving property or money that they would otherwise inherit, especially by changing a will
- registry - an official list or database in which names, events, property, or other information are recorded
- naturalization - the legal process by which a non-citizen acquires citizenship of a country
- peerage - the rank, title, or dignity of a British peer
- impeach - charge (a public official) with an offense or misdemeanor committed while in office
- borough - a town or district that is an administrative unit, especially in the United Kingdom
- regency - government by a regent on behalf of a monarch who is absent, underage, or unable to rule

### C1
- allegation - A claim, usually an accusation, that someone has done something wrong, made without proof.
- abolish - to officially end a law, system, or practice
- attorney - A lawyer; someone who advises people on legal matters and represents them in court.
- sin - An act that breaks a religious or moral law.
- warrant - An official document allowing police to search, seize, or arrest someone.
- custody - The legal right and duty to care for someone, especially a child.
- accused - The person charged with a crime in a court of law.
- commissioner - An official who heads a government department or public body, such as a police force.
- verdict - The decision a jury or judge makes about whether someone is guilty in a court case.
- breach - An act of breaking a law, rule, agreement, or promise.
- plea - An urgent, emotional request for help.
- conviction - A strong, firmly held belief or opinion.
- enforcement - The act of making people obey a law, rule, or agreement.
- violation - An act that breaks a law, agreement, or right.
- rebellion - An organized, often armed, attempt to overthrow a government or ruler.
- ruling - An official decision made by a court or someone in authority.
- magistrate - An official who acts as a judge in a lower court, dealing with minor offences.
- petition - A formal written request, usually signed by many people, asking an authority to do something.
- jurisdiction - The official power to make legal decisions and apply the law.
- amendment - A change or addition made to a law, document, or formal proposal.
- militia - A group of ordinary citizens trained as soldiers to fight in an emergency, rather than professional troops.
- patent - An official right giving an inventor sole control over making and selling an invention for a set period.
- mandatory - Required by a rule or law; that must be done.
- premier - Best, most important, or highest in rank.
- formality - Something done only because it is required by custom or rule, without real importance.
- dominant - Most powerful, important, or noticeable.
- representation - The act of speaking or acting on behalf of a person or group.
- uphold - To support or maintain a law, principle, or decision.
- proceeding - A legal action or process carried out in a court.
- franchise - The right to sell a company's products or services in a particular area, or a business run under such a right.
- judicial - Relating to courts of law, judges, or the legal system.
- accordance - Agreement with a rule, plan, or system, usually in the phrase 'in accordance with'.
- submission - The act of sending in something such as a piece of work or an application.
- congressional - Relating to a congress, especially the United States Congress.
- doctrine - A set of beliefs taught by a religion, political group, or other organization.
- mandate - The authority to act, given to a government or leader by the people who voted for them.
- critique - A careful, detailed assessment of something's strengths and weaknesses.
- bureaucratic - Relating to complicated official rules and procedures, often seen as slow or unnecessary.
- shambles - A state of great disorder, mess, or confusion.
- compliance - The act of obeying a rule, law, or official standard.
- parliamentary - Relating to or made by a parliament.
- referendum - A direct vote by the public on a single political question or proposed law.
- conform - To behave according to accepted rules, standards or customs.
- citation - A short note that credits the source of information or a quotation.
- advisory - Having the role of giving advice rather than making decisions.
- dutiful - Doing what you are supposed to do out of a sense of duty and respect.
- enact - To make a proposal into an official law.
- renown - The state of being widely known and admired; fame.
- empower - To give someone the confidence, strength, or ability to control their own life and decisions.
- insubordinate - Refusing to obey orders or accept authority.
- allege - To claim that someone has done something wrong, usually without proof yet.
- dutifully - In a way that shows you are doing your duty, often willingly and without complaint.
- credential - A qualification, achievement, or document that proves someone's status, skill, or right to do something.
- bureaucratically - In a way that involves rigid official rules and procedures
- affidavit - A written statement that someone swears to be true, used as evidence in a court of law
- insubordinately - In a way that refuses to obey orders or respect authority.
- appellate - relating to appeals or to the authority to review and change decisions of lower courts
- lam - to escape or flee, especially from the law or a dangerous situation
- litigate - to take a dispute to a court of law for resolution
- precept - a general rule or principle intended to regulate behavior or thought
- seditious - inciting or causing people to rebel against authority or a state
- entitlement - right granted by law or contract (especially a right to benefits)
- prevarication - Evasion of the truth.
- extremity - the greatest or utmost degree
- courtyard - An area, open to the sky, partially or wholly surrounded by walls or buildings.
- justifiable - capable of being justified
- trustworthiness - The state or quality of being trustworthy or reliable.
- despotism - Government by a despot or despots: rule by a singular authority, either a single person or a tight-knit group, which rules with absolute power, especially in a cruel and oppressive way.
- monarch - The ruler of an absolute monarchy or the head of state of a constitutional monarchy.
- swiftness - The state of being swift.
- unchangeable - not changeable or subject to change
- debtor - A person or firm that owes money; one in debt; one who owes a debt.
- boyhood - The state or condition of being a boy.
- gladness - The state of being glad; joy.
- transact - conduct business
- decorum - Appropriate social behavior.
- invisibility - the quality of not being perceivable by the eye
- smallness - the property of having relatively little strength or vigor
- censorship - The use of state or group power to control freedom of expression or press, such as passing laws to prevent undesirable media from being published or propagated.
- alienation - (law) the voluntary and absolute transfer of title and possession of real property from one person to another
- felony - A serious criminal offense, which, under United States federal law, is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one year or by the death penalty in the most serious offenses.
- lordship - The state or condition of being a lord.
- stiffness - firm resoluteness in purpose or opinion or action
- mortally - in such a manner that death ensues, also in reference to hatred, jealousy, or fear
- unkindness - The collective noun for ravens
- indenture - a formal contract binding a person to work for another for a fixed period, especially as an apprentice or servant
- adjourn - to suspend or end a meeting or official session, often until a stated later time
- overrule - to use superior authority to reject or set aside a decision, ruling, or objection
- loophole - an ambiguity, omission, or exception in a law or rule that allows its purpose to be avoided
- dignitary - a person who holds a high rank or important public office
- chargeable - required to be paid for or capable of being assigned to an account
- illegality - the state or quality of being contrary to law
- federalism - a system of government in which constitutional power is divided between a central authority and constituent regions or states
- notary - a public official authorized to witness signatures, administer oaths, and certify that documents are genuine
- ratify - to give formal approval to an agreement, treaty, or decision so that it becomes officially valid
- legitimacy - the quality of being lawful, valid, or justified
- congressman - a male member of a congress, especially a member of the United States House of Representatives
- governorship - the office, position, or authority of a governor
- dispossess - to deprive a person or community of land, a home, or other property, especially by force or legal action
- mayoralty - the office or position of a mayor, or the period during which a particular mayor serves
- admiralty - historical: the British government department and its officers formerly responsible for naval affairs
- grantee - a person or organization that receives a grant, award, right, or privilege
- leasehold - a right or estate in land or property held for a fixed period under a lease
- sultan - a sovereign or ruler in certain Muslim countries, historically including the Ottoman Empire
- watchdog - a person or organization that keeps watch over others or monitors an institution or industry to prevent danger, illegality, abuse, waste, or unfairness
- court-martial - a military court, or a trial held by such a court, for members of the armed forces accused of breaking military law
- patentee - a person or organization to whom a patent has been granted
- liberalize - to make a law, system, or policy less restrictive and more open or permissive
- petitioner - Someone who presents a petition to some person in authority.
- taxer - a person or authority that imposes or assesses taxes
- hereinafter - in a later part of this document, statement, or text
- adjudication - the formal process of settling a dispute or deciding a legal case
- nonperformance - failure or refusal to carry out a task, promise, contract, or other obligation

### C2
- counsel - Advice or guidance, especially when serious or careful.
- ancestral - inherited or inheritable by established rules (usually legal rules) of descent
- eviction - the expulsion of someone, such as a tenant, from the possession of land by process of law
- corroborate - to support with evidence, authority, or make more certain or confirm
- evict - expel from one's property or force to move out by a legal process
- requisition - A formal, official request for supplies or services.
- wrongdoing - activity that transgresses moral or civil law
- accountability - The state of being responsible for your actions and having to explain them to others.
- depravity - The state of being morally corrupt or wicked.
- gratification - state of being gratified or satisfied
- incumbent - Currently holding an official position, especially in politics.
- notoriety - The state of being famous for something bad or shameful.
- austerity - A government policy of cutting public spending and raising taxes to reduce debt.
- procedural - Relating to an established way of doing something, especially official rules or methods.
- regulatory - Relating to official rules that control how something is done.
- stipulate - To state clearly that something must be done, as part of an agreement or rule.
- contractual - Relating to or required by a binding legal agreement.
- mutinous - Refusing to obey those in authority; ready to rebel.
- ordain - To officially make someone a priest, minister, or other religious leader
- protrusion - Something that sticks out from a surface; a bulge.
- solitariness - The state of being alone or apart from others.
- mutinously - In a rebellious way that refuses to obey authority.
- statute - enacted by a legislative body
- rigor - excessive sternness
- pontage - A duty or tax paid for repairing bridges.
- abeyance - Expectancy; a condition when an ownership of real property is undetermined; lapse in succession of ownership of estate, or title.
- calumny - Falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another.
- censor - to subject to political, religious, or moral censorship
- chicanery - Deception by the use of trickery, quibbling, or subterfuge.
- condign - Fitting, appropriate, deserved, especially denoting punishment.
- deviance - Actions or behaviors that violate formal and informal cultural norms such as laws and customs.
- draconian - of or relating to Draco or his harsh code of laws
- exorcise - To drive out (an evil spirit) from a person, place or thing, especially by an incantation or prayer.
- furtive - Of a person or an animal: sly, stealthy.
- gerrymander - an act of gerrymandering, or dividing a voting area so as to give your own party an unfair advantage
- guile - Deceptiveness, deceit, fraud, duplicity, dishonesty.
- imbroglio - A complicated situation; an entanglement.
- interdict - To forbid (an action or thing) by formal or legal sanction.
- juggernaut - a massive inexorable force that seems to crush everything in its way
- misappropriate - To embezzle.
- misnomer - A term which is misleading, even if firmly established, technically correct, or both.
- mulct - A fine or penalty, especially a pecuniary one.
- perjury - The deliberate giving of false or misleading testimony under oath.
- pilfer - To steal in small quantities, or articles of small value; to practise petty theft.
- politesse - Civility, politeness, courtesy or gallantry; genteel politeness or an instance of this.
- recidivism - Committing new offenses after a crime committed in the past.
- recidivist - One who falls back into prior habits, especially criminal habits.
- rejoinder - a quick reply to a question or remark (especially a witty or critical one)
- scapegoat - Someone unfairly blamed or punished for some failure.
- scofflaw - One who habitually violates minor laws or fails to answer trivial court summonses (such as parking tickets).
- sycophant - One who uses obsequious compliments to gain self-serving favour or advantage from another; a servile flatterer.
- transgression - A violation of a law, duty or commandment.
- causation - The act or agency by which an effect is produced.
- discoverable - capable of being ascertained or found out
- transverse - Situated or lying across; side to side, relative to some defined "forward" direction; perpendicular or slanted relative to the "forward" direction; identified with movement across areas.
- irreversible - incapable of being reversed
- assignable - Capable of being assigned (all senses).
- divisibility - the quality of being divisible
- suspense - an uncertain cognitive state
- simultaneity - happening or existing or done at the same time
- untrue - not true to an obligation or trust
- alternation - successive change from one thing or state to another and back again
- annihilation - total destruction
- aristocratic - belonging to or characteristic of the nobility or aristocracy
- monogamous - (used of relationships and of individuals) having one mate
- distinctness - The property or degree of being distinct.
- unreality - The state of being unreal.
- feudal - Of, or relating to feudalism.
- pragmatically - in a realistic manner
- cogency - The state of being cogent; the characteristic or quality of being reasonable and persuasive.
- enunciation - The act of enunciating, announcing, proclaiming, or making known; open attestation; declaration.
- externality - The state of being external or externalized.
- valet - a person that will park and fetch cars for people using a business, restaurant or service
- concussion - A violent collision or shock.
- superstitious - showing ignorance of the laws of nature and faith in magic or chance
- definitively - In a way that is not only decisive, but also conclusive and final.
- ascendency - the state that exists when one person or group has power over another
- diffidence - The state of being diffident, timid or shy; reticence or self-effacement.
- etiquette - The manners or decent behaviour to be observed in social or professional life; conventional decorum; the ceremonial code of polite society.
- lawgiver - One who provides laws to a society.
- elaborately - with elaboration
- crevice - A narrow crack or fissure, as in a rock or wall.
- omnipresent - Being everywhere simultaneously.
- turnkey - a complete product that is ready to be deployed immediately, without further customization
- oblivion - total forgetfulness
- primogeniture - The principle that the eldest child has an exclusive right of inheritance.
- deterministic - Having at most one instruction associated with any given internal state.
- gentry - People of education and good breeding.
- unequally - Not equally, unevenly, sometimes unfairly.
- guardedly - in a cautious and reserved manner
- hypnotize - To induce a state of hypnosis in.
- monarchical - having the characteristics of or befitting or worthy of a monarch
- dynamite - blow up with dynamite
- excusable - Possible to excuse; worthy of being excused.
- narrowness - a restriction of range or scope
- preferment - the act of preferring
- ruthlessly - in a ruthless manner
- indemnify - To secure against loss or damage; to insure.
- pleasantry - A playful remark; a jest.
- sternness - the quality of being grim, severe, or foreboding
- treason - The crime of betraying one’s own country.
- frenzied - affected with or marked by frenzy or mania uncontrolled by reason
- polygamist - someone who is married to two or more people at the same time
- oligarchical - relating to, controlled by, or characteristic of an oligarchy
- functionary - an official, especially one in a government or large organization, who performs prescribed duties
- intendant - a public administrator or governor, especially an official in historical France, Spain, Portugal, or their colonies
- duchy - a territory ruled by a duke or duchess, or historically held as their domain
- enshrine - to establish and protect a principle or right in a law, constitution, or institution
- contravention - an action that violates or conflicts with a law, rule, order, agreement, or obligation
- hotchpot - the legal combining of property or earlier gifts into a common fund so that an inheritance can be divided equally
- predecease - to die before another person
- mortmain - the permanent and inalienable ownership of land or other property by a corporation, historically especially a church
- octroi - a tax formerly levied on goods brought into a town or city, especially in France
- testamentary - of, expressed in, or relating to a legal will or testament
- ejectment - the legal process of removing a person from possession of land or other property
- prerogative - a right or privilege belonging exclusively to a particular person, group, or position
- undersigned - the person or people whose signatures appear at the end of a document
- inquisitor - a person who asks questions in a searching, persistent, or harsh manner
- scepter - a ceremonial staff carried by a monarch as an emblem of royal authority
- archon - one of the chief magistrates of ancient Athens
- comitia - in ancient Rome, an assembly of citizens convened to elect officials or exercise legislative or judicial authority
- ephor - one of five annually elected senior magistrates in ancient Sparta, empowered to supervise the kings and enforce civic law
- intestate - having died without leaving a legally valid will
- usufruct - the legal right to use another person's property and receive its benefits or profits without destroying or substantially damaging it
- jurisprudence - the theory or philosophy of law and the principles by which legal systems interpret and apply it
- phylarch - the chief ruler of a phyle, or tribal division, in ancient Greece
- quaestor - an ancient Roman magistrate chiefly responsible for public revenue, accounts, and financial administration
- habeas - law: habeas corpus, especially a petition, proceeding, or writ seeking judicial review of a person's detention
- intestacy - the legal condition of dying without a valid will, or of having property not disposed of by a valid will
- tyrannous - using authority in a cruel, oppressive, unjust, or arbitrary way; characteristic of a tyrant
- unenforceable - of a law, rule, or policy, impossible or impracticable to make people obey
- precinct - in the United States, a local administrative district used for elections or policing
- legalistic - excessively concerned with the strict and literal application of laws or rules, often at the expense of their purpose
- usurpation - the wrongful seizure and exercise of power, office, authority, or a right
- droit - a legal right, entitlement, or lawful claim
- lex - a law or statute, especially one expressed by its Latin title or discussed in Roman law
- indefeasibility - the quality of being impossible to annul, invalidate, or defeat, especially as a legal right or title
- injuria - a wrongful injury or invasion of another person's legal rights
- jurist - an expert or scholar in law and legal theory
- presentment - an appearance, representation, or image presented to the mind
- conveyancing - the legal work of preparing documents and completing the transfer of property from one owner to another
- abrogation - the formal repeal, abolition, or annulment of a law, agreement, right, or custom
- arbitrament - an authoritative judgment or the power of deciding a matter; arbitration
- princedom - a territory or state ruled by a prince
- deputation - a group of people appointed to represent others or present a request
- syndic - an official or agent appointed to manage the affairs of a corporation, university, municipality, or similar body
- modus - a customary payment or other composition made instead of a tithe in kind; historical English law
- privy - sharing secret or private knowledge of something, normally followed by to
- demos - the ordinary citizens or common people of an ancient Greek city-state; by extension, the populace or citizen body of a democracy
- freehold - ownership of land or a building for an indefinite period, rather than for a fixed lease term
- cursitor - historical English law: a clerk in the Court of Chancery who prepared original writs issued as a matter of routine
- taxgatherer - one who collects taxes or public revenues; a tax collector
- disencumbrance - freedom or release from an encumbrance, burden, debt, or legal claim
- vice-warden - a deputy or assistant to a warden, authorized to act in the warden's place
- zamindari - in British India, a system of landholding and revenue collection in which zamindars collected payments from cultivators for the state
- gabelle - historical: a tax, especially the compulsory salt tax imposed in pre-Revolutionary France
- predial - of, relating to, or derived from land, landed property, or agriculture
- maladministration - faulty, improper, or inefficient management, especially by a public authority
- prohibitory - serving or intended to prohibit or forbid something
- adulterine - historical: illegal, unauthorized, or spurious
- allodial - law: held in absolute ownership, without feudal duties or a superior landlord
- chieftainship - the position, authority, or period of rule of a chieftain
- doge - historical: the elected chief magistrate of the former republics of Venice or Genoa
- bema - a raised platform in ancient Greece used by speakers, officials, or judges addressing an assembly or court
- metic - in an ancient Greek city-state, a resident foreigner who lacked full citizen rights and usually paid a special tax
- mandamus - law: a court order compelling a public official, lower court, agency, or other body to perform a duty required by law
- dominus - historical: a lord or master; a title formerly applied to a knight, cleric, or academic master
- litigious - inclined to settle disputes by bringing lawsuits
- polis - an ancient Greek city-state, regarded as a political community together with its territory
- purveyance - historical British law: the Crown's right to requisition provisions, transport, or other goods and services for royal use at fixed prices
- regality - historical Scots law: territorial jurisdiction of a royal character granted by the Crown to a lord, or the territory subject to it
- superintendency - the act or responsibility of supervising, directing, or administering an organization or activity
- survivorship - law and finance: the right of a surviving joint owner or beneficiary to receive property or benefits after another person's death
- testator - law: a person who has made a legally valid will
- viceroy - a governor who rules a country, colony, or province as the representative of a monarch
- beadle - historically, a minor parish officer who kept order, carried messages, or performed ceremonial duties
- burgomaster - the mayor or chief magistrate of a town in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, or certain other European countries
- baronetcy - the hereditary rank, dignity, or title of a baronet
- enthrone - to install a monarch or senior religious leader formally on a throne as a sign of office
- reimpose - to impose a rule, tax, restriction, penalty, or burden again after it has been removed or has ceased to apply
- attaint - historical law: to condemn a person for treason or felony by attainder, extinguishing civil rights and often forfeiting property
- denaturalize - to revoke or deny a person's naturalized citizenship
- corvée - historical: unpaid labor that a feudal tenant was required to perform for a lord, often in place of rent or tax
- libel - a published false statement in a lasting form, such as writing or an image, that unjustly damages a person's reputation; also the legal wrong of publishing it
- alderman - a member of a municipal council, especially in a city or in a historical system of local government
- pleader - formal or historical: a lawyer or advocate who pleads cases in court
- socage - historical law: land tenure in return for agricultural services fixed in amount and kind or for money rent, rather than military service
- viscount - a member of the British or certain other peerages ranking below an earl or count and above a baron
- gerousia - in ancient Greece, a council of elders; specifically, the Spartan senate formed by twenty-eight elders and the two kings
- comitatus - historical: a band of warriors or nobles bound by loyalty to a ruler or military leader
- codicil - a legal document added to a will to explain, modify, add, or revoke a provision
- bey - historical: a governor, ruler, or other high official in the Ottoman Empire and some of its former territories
- nonage - the state or period of being below the legal age of adulthood; minority
- attestation - the act of witnessing, certifying, or formally declaring that something is true or authentic
- pedantocracy - government or administration dominated by pedants who value rigid rules and narrow learning over practical judgment
- indefeasible - especially in law, not capable of being annulled, defeated, or made void
- vicomte - a French nobleman holding the rank corresponding to a British viscount
- contumacy - stubborn resistance to authority; deliberate and obstinate disobedience
- emir - a ruler, prince, governor, or military commander in an Islamic country or polity
- ineligible - not qualified or permitted to be chosen, receive something, or take part
- legatee - law: a person or organization that receives a legacy under a will
- onus - a responsibility, duty, or burden placed on someone
- outlawry - historical law: the formal placing of a person outside the law and its protection
- preappoint - to appoint, arrange, or determine beforehand
- repudiation - the act of rejecting, disowning, or refusing to accept something as valid
- vert - historical forest law: green vegetation in a forest, especially as cover or food for game
- apanage - a grant of land, revenue, or privilege made by a sovereign to a dependent member of a ruling family
- selectman - a member of an elected board that serves as the chief administrative authority of a New England town
- purpresture - law: a wrongful enclosure, occupation, or appropriation of land subject to public or common rights
- baronet - a man holding a hereditary British title below a baron but above most knights
- easement - law: a right to cross or use another person's land for a specified purpose without owning it
- squatter - a person who occupies land or a building without legal title, permission, or a tenancy agreement
- sequestration - law: the seizure, isolation, or placing in custody of property by legal authority
- subornation - the act of inducing someone to commit perjury or another unlawful act
- muniment - a legal deed, charter, or other document preserved as evidence of a right or title
- absolutist - a person who supports absolute political authority or treats a principle as allowing no exceptions
- caveat - a warning, reservation, or qualification attached to a statement or agreement
- superficies - the outer surface or external aspect of something

### C2+
- authorization - official permission or sanction to do something
- authoritarian - favouring strict obedience to authority over personal freedom
- dormant - temporarily inactive or in a state of suspended development
- abeyant - temporarily suspended or in a state of latency
- contentedness - the state of being satisfied and at ease
- crestfallenness - the state of being dejected or dispirited
- delightedness - the state of being greatly pleased or joyful
- vexation - the state of being annoyed or frustrated; a cause of such
- abasement - the act of humbling or degrading; a state of humiliation
- aloneness - the state of being alone; solitude
- commotion - a state of confused and noisy disturbance
- licit - permitted by law; lawful
- observance - the keeping of a law, custom, or ritual
- permissible - allowed or permitted by rules or law
- seclusion - the state of being private and away from others
- approbation - approval or praise, often official
- corrupted - made dishonest, debased, or damaged from an original state
- decease - (formal/legal) death; to die
- bobby - a British police officer
- continuance - the act of continuing, or a legal postponement of proceedings
- delict - a wrongful act giving rise to legal liability; a civil wrong
- disarray - a state of disorder or confusion
- heteroclite - deviating from the ordinary rule or form; irregular or abnormal
- illicitly - in a manner forbidden by law, rule, or custom
- impurity - a contaminating substance, or the state of being impure
- jester - a professional fool or clown, especially at a medieval court
- kosher - conforming to Jewish dietary law; informally, legitimate or proper
- promulgate - to make widely known or to put a law into effect by official proclamation
- adherence - steady attachment to a rule, belief, or cause
- confiscate - to seize property by authority
- defiant - boldly resistant to authority or opposition
- depravedness - the state of being morally corrupt or depraved
- designation - an official name, title, or label assigned to someone or something
- drunkenness - the state of being intoxicated with alcohol
- edict - an official order or proclamation issued by an authority
- flux - continuous change or flow; a state of instability
- illegitimate - not authorized by law or accepted standards; not legitimate
- illicit - forbidden by law, rules, or custom
- legitimately - in a way that conforms to law or accepted standards; justifiably
- nativism - the policy of favoring native-born inhabitants over immigrants
- obligatory - required by a rule, law, or custom; compulsory
- onliness - the state of being alone or unique; singleness
- abrogate - to repeal or do away with a law, agreement, or custom formally
- craziness - the state of being wild, foolish, or insane
- decree - an official order having the force of law
- dependency - the state of relying on or being controlled by something or someone
- docket - a list of legal cases to be tried; an agenda of matters to be dealt with
- expectancy - the state of anticipating or expecting something to happen
- feral - in a wild state, especially after escaping from domestication
- identicalness - the state of being exactly the same
- inadequacy - the state of being insufficient or not good enough for a purpose
- instability - the state of being unsteady, unreliable, or prone to change
- justicer - (archaic) one who administers justice; a judge or magistrate
- loneness - (literary) the state of being alone or solitary
- malfeasance - wrongdoing, especially misconduct by a public official
- misdeed - a wicked or illegal act; a wrongdoing
- null - having no legal force or value; zero or nonexistent
- transiency - the state of being brief or impermanent; transience
- unevenness - the state of not being level, smooth, or consistent
- unlawful - not permitted by law; illegal
- unprocessed - not treated, refined, or prepared; in a raw state
- absolutism - the principle or system of absolute, unlimited governmental or moral authority
- bailiff - an official who maintains order in a court or executes legal writs
- bondage - the state of being a slave or under another's control
- cabal - a secret group plotting against a government or authority
- congress - a formal assembly of representatives, or a coming together
- connectedness - the state of being joined or related to others
- consuetude - an established custom or usage, especially with legal force
- decern - to decree or judge judicially, especially in Scots law
- democrat - an advocate or supporter of democratic government
- destitution - the state of extreme poverty; lack of the means of subsistence
- directive - an official instruction or order issued by an authority
- disconnection - the act of breaking a connection or the state of being disconnected
- dissimilarity - the state of being unlike or different
- disuse - the state of no longer being used or practiced
- dupery - the act of deceiving, or the state of being duped
- elector - a person entitled to vote in an election
- electorate - all the people entitled to vote in an election
- enfranchisement - the granting of the right to vote or of civil liberties
- enlargement - the act of making larger or the state of being enlarged
- extrajudicial - outside or beyond the authority of a court of law
- flout - to openly disregard a rule, law, or convention with contempt
- helplessness - the state of being unable to act or defend oneself
- holiness - the state of being sacred, pure, or spiritually consecrated
- impeachment - the formal charging of a public official with misconduct
- impermanence - the state of not lasting; transience
- impound - to seize and hold in legal custody, or to confine in a pound
- incapacitate - to deprive of strength, ability, or legal capacity
- infraction - a breach or violation of a law, rule, or agreement
- insanity - the state of being seriously mentally ill; extreme folly
- involution - the state of being intricate; a curling inward or shrinking process
- junket - a trip taken by an official at public expense, often as a perk
- lawfully - in a manner permitted or recognized by law
- lieutenant - a deputy or a junior commissioned military or police officer
- nirvana - in Buddhism, a transcendent state free from suffering; perfect bliss or peace
- particularize - to state or treat in detail; to specify individually
- peacefulness - the state of being tranquil and free from disturbance
- perfection - the state of being flawless or complete
- preoccupancy - the act or state of occupying something before another
- proclamation - an official public announcement
- quash - to reject or void, especially by legal procedure
- ravishment - a state of intense delight or rapture
- readiness - the state of being prepared or willing
- receivership - the state of being managed by a court-appointed receiver
- redundance - the state of being superfluous or excessive
- repeal - to revoke or annul a law officially
- rescript - an official edict or written answer from an authority
- ruination - the action of ruining or the state of being ruined
- shirk - to avoid or neglect a duty or responsibility
- sovereign - a supreme ruler; possessing supreme or independent authority
- submissive - inclined to yield to the authority or will of others
- thrall - the state of being in another's power; a slave or captive
- visitation - an official or supernatural visit, or an affliction regarded as divine punishment
- wakefulness - the state of being awake or unable to sleep
- wholeness - the state of being complete, undivided, or unbroken
- wonderment - a state of awed admiration or curiosity
- abalienate - to transfer ownership of property to another, especially by legal conveyance
- abhorrency - the state of abhorring; loathing or detestation
- aboil - in a state of boiling or agitation
- actuality - the state of existing in fact; reality as opposed to possibility
- adrip - dripping; in a state of dripping with liquid
- anarchy - a state of disorder due to the absence of authority or government
- answerability - the state of being responsible or accountable to someone
- antiparliamentary - opposed to parliament or to parliamentary government
- arbiter - a person with authority to settle a dispute or decide what is right
- arousal - the act of awakening or the state of being stirred to activity or excitement
- ascendance - the state of having dominant power, influence, or control
- augur - to foretell or portend; a Roman official who interpreted omens
- backchat - impertinent or cheeky replies to someone in authority
- bafflement - the state of being utterly puzzled or confused
- beggary - the state of extreme poverty or destitution
- bylaw - a rule made by an organization or local authority to regulate its affairs
- canonic - conforming to a canon or accepted rule; canonical
- captivation - the state of being charmed or fascinated
- chancery - a court of equity or the public records office of a court
- cloture - a procedure for ending debate and forcing an immediate vote
- cocket - a customs seal or sealed document certifying that duty has been paid on goods
- competentness - the state of being competent; adequate ability
- completement - the act of completing or the state of being complete (archaic)
- completeness - the state of being whole, full, or entire
- compulsorily - in a way that is required by law or rule; obligatorily
- confusedness - the state of being confused or disordered
- constitutionalization - the act of embedding something within a constitution or making it constitutional
- constitutionist - a supporter or adherent of a particular constitution or constitutional government
- consul - an official representing a state's commercial interests in a foreign city
- contentment - a state of peaceful happiness and satisfaction
- contravene - to act in violation of a law, rule, or principle
- convincement - the act or state of being convinced; firm conviction
- dampness - the state of being slightly wet
- deemster - a judge in the Isle of Man
- defiance - open resistance to authority or opposition
- democratism - adherence to or advocacy of democratic principles and government
- deregister - to remove from an official register or record
- deviancy - the state of departing from accepted norms, especially of behavior
- devolve - to transfer power or duty to another; or to degenerate gradually
- dictatorship - government by a single ruler with absolute power
- dictatress - a woman who rules with absolute authority
- disassociation - the act of separating or state of being disconnected
- disobedient - failing or refusing to obey rules or authority
- disobey - to fail or refuse to comply with a command or rule
- emptiness - the state of containing nothing or lacking meaning
- enounce - to state or proclaim formally; to enunciate
- exemption - the state of being freed from an obligation; an instance of this
- famousness - the state of being widely known or celebrated
- federally - by or in relation to a central federal government
- ferity - the state of being wild, savage, or untamed
- ferric - of or containing iron, especially in its trivalent state
- ferrous - containing or relating to iron, especially in its divalent state
- fixedness - the state of being firmly set, immovable, or unchanging
- flabbergastation - a state of overwhelming astonishment or bewilderment
- forgetness - forgetfulness; the state of being forgotten or oblivious
- fullness - the state of being full or complete
- hereto - to this document or matter (formal and legal)
- hypnotic - inducing sleep or a trance-like state; mesmerizing
- imperfection - a flaw or fault; the state of being incomplete or defective
- implead - to bring a legal action against; to sue in a court of law
- impotence - the state of being powerless or lacking effective strength
- incapability - the state of being unable to do something; lack of ability
- incapacity - inability to do something, or legal disqualification from acting
- incarceration - the act of imprisoning or the state of being confined
- inceptive - relating to or marking the beginning of an action or state
- incumbrance - a burden or impediment; a legal claim against property
- indigence - a state of extreme poverty or neediness
- inexistence - the state of not existing; nonexistence
- infract - to break or violate a law, rule, or agreement
- infrequency - the state of happening rarely or seldom
- infringer - a person who violates a law, right, or agreement
- inofficial - not official; lacking formal authority (archaic for unofficial)
- interestedness - the state of being interested, or of having a personal stake or bias
- invocation - the act of calling upon a deity, spirit, or authority for aid or inspiration
- irresolution - the state of being undecided or wavering
- itemize - to state or list as separate items
- juridical - relating to judicial proceedings or the law
- lawbreaking - the act of violating the law
- lawman - a law-enforcement officer, such as a sheriff or marshal
- magisterial - having an air of authority; authoritative and commanding
- meaninglessness - the state of lacking purpose, significance, or sense
- messiness - the state of being untidy, disordered, or complicated
- moistness - the state of being slightly wet or damp
- monarchy - a form of government with a monarch as head of state
- necessitation - the act of making necessary or the state of being compelled
- nonequilibrium - a state in which a system is not in equilibrium
- nonexistence - the state of not existing
- nonidentity - the state of not being identical or the same
- nonjudicial - not relating to or carried out by a court of law
- nonpossession - the state of not possessing something
- notoriousness - the state of being notorious; ill fame
- officeholder - a person who holds a public or official position
- oneness - the state of being unified, whole, or in complete harmony
- ordinance - an authoritative rule or law, especially one made by a municipality
- parallelism - the state of being parallel or of corresponding in structure
- pedantically - in an overly precise or rule-bound manner
- penal - relating to punishment for breaking the law
- perfunctory - carried out with minimal effort or care, as a routine duty
- perplexity - the state of being puzzled or confused
- plaintiff - a person who brings a legal action against another in a court of law
- plurality - the state of being plural; the largest share of votes when no majority exists
- prosperousness - the state of being successful and thriving, especially financially
- punishable - liable to or deserving of punishment under law or rule
- rawness - the state of being uncooked, unrefined, sore, or emotionally exposed
- reassert - to state or claim again, more firmly; to reestablish
- recalcitrant - stubbornly resistant to authority, control, or guidance
- registrar - an official who keeps official records or registers
- republican - relating to a republic or its principles; a supporter of republican government
- respectability - the state of being regarded as proper, decent, and worthy of esteem
- rot - to decay or decompose; the process or state of decay; nonsense
- sequester - to isolate or set apart; to seize property temporarily by law
- sobriety - the state of being sober; seriousness or moderation
- speeding - the act of driving faster than the legal limit
- stupefaction - a state of being stunned into dazed astonishment
- subvert - to undermine the power and authority of an established system or institution
- summons - an order to appear before a court or authority
- supremacy - the state of being superior in authority, power, or status
- tautness - the state of being stretched tight or tense
- tenseness - the state of being physically or emotionally taut or strained
- thirstiness - the state of being thirsty
- tightness - the state of being firmly fixed, taut, or constricted
- totality - the whole of something; the state of being complete
- tranquillity - the state of being calm, peaceful, and untroubled
- transgress - to violate a law, command, or moral boundary
- trooper - a soldier in a cavalry or armored unit, or a state police officer
- unawareness - the state of not being conscious or cognizant of something
- uncertainness - the state of being unsure or doubtful; uncertainty
- uncomfortableness - the state of being uneasy or physically uncomfortable
- unfitness - the state of being unsuitable or physically unhealthy
- unitedness - the state of being joined together in agreement
- unlawfully - in a manner contrary to the law
- unofficially - not in an official capacity; informally
- unpopularity - the state of being disliked by many
- vacantness - the state of being empty, unoccupied, or expressionless
- variegation - the state of having varied colors or markings
- wapentake - a former administrative subdivision of certain English shires, like a hundred
- wrongful - unjust, unfair, or contrary to law or morality
- comity - Courtesy and considerate behaviour towards others; social harmony.
- defalcate - appropriate property entrusted to one's care fraudulently to one's own use
- fungible - Any fungible item.
- litigation - The conduct of a lawsuit.
- urbane - Of a person (usually a man): having refined manners; courteous, polite, suave.
- verboten - excluded from use or mention
- compresence - The state of existing together concurrently.
- self-government - The governance of a region by its own populace; autonomy.
- labyrinth - A maze-like structure built by Daedalus in Knossos, containing the Minotaur.
- prelude - An introductory or preliminary performance or event.
- herile - of or relating to a master, especially a master's authority over servants or enslaved people
- prepense - planned or considered beforehand; premeditated, chiefly in the legal phrase malice prepense
- aesymnetes - historical: a supreme magistrate voluntarily appointed by an ancient Greek city-state during a crisis, often with powers comparable to those of a tyrant
- prytanis - a member of the prytany, the section of the Athenian council serving for a fixed period as its presiding executive committee
- zeugitai - historical: members of the third of the four property classes in Solonian Athens, below the hippeis and above the thetes
- dicast - a citizen of ancient Athens chosen to serve as both judge and juror in a popular court
- theatrocracy - government by citizens assembled in a theater, especially as a description of ancient Athenian democracy
- forisfamiliate - obsolete Scots law: to renounce a legal claim to any further share of one's father's estate after receiving a portion
- sequestrate - to set apart, isolate, or seclude someone or something
- disafforest - in English law, to remove land's legal status as a royal forest and release it from forest law
- non compos mentis - not of sound mind; unable to understand or take legal responsibility for one's actions
- perquisition - A thorough inquiry or search.
- reaccuse - to accuse someone again
- recognizant - aware of, acknowledging, or appreciative of something
- conscribe - To enroll; to enlist
- commixtion - the action or result of mixing or blending things together

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