Materials & Substances

Metals, liquids, chemicals, fabrics, and what things are made of.

541 words

# Materials & Substances

**Type:** Topic
**Words:** 541

## About
Metals, liquids, chemicals, fabrics, and what things are made of.

## Words by Level

### A1
- water - The clear liquid that falls as rain and that people and animals need to live.
- paper - A thin, flat material used for writing, drawing, or printing on.
- ice - Water that has frozen into a hard, cold solid.
- card - A piece of stiff paper, often folded, sent to someone with a message or picture.
- glass - A hard, transparent material used for windows and bottles.
- bottle - A container, usually made of glass or plastic with a narrow neck, used for holding liquids.
- cake - A sweet baked food made from flour, sugar, and eggs, often covered with icing.
- pool - A small amount of liquid lying on a surface.
- post - The system of collecting and delivering letters and parcels; the mail.
- sugar - A sweet white or brown substance used to flavour food and drink.
- coke - A glass, bottle, or can of cola, especially Coca-Cola.
- ruler - A flat, straight strip of wood, plastic, or metal marked with units, used for measuring or drawing straight lines.
- kite - A light frame covered with paper or fabric, flown in the wind on a long string.
- stewed - cooked slowly in liquid

### A2
- ring - A circular band of metal or other material worn on the finger.
- gold - A heavy, shiny yellow metal that is very valuable, used for jewellery and coins.
- bar - A place where you can buy and drink alcoholic drinks.
- stone - The hard substance that rock is made of, often used as a building material.
- state - The condition that someone or something is in at a particular time.
- rock - The hard solid material that forms part of the Earth's surface; a large stone.
- gas - A substance like air that is neither solid nor liquid and spreads to fill any space.
- tape - A thin strip of material with a sticky surface, used for fixing or sticking things together.
- oil - A thick liquid from plants or animals used in cooking.
- wet - Covered with or full of water or another liquid.
- silver - A shiny, valuable greyish-white metal used for jewellery, coins, and tableware.
- plate - A flat, slightly curved dish that you eat food from.
- wood - The hard material that trees are made of, used for building and making things.
- metal - A hard, usually shiny material such as iron, gold, or copper that conducts heat and electricity.
- material - A substance that something is made from.
- salt - A white substance used to add flavour to food and to preserve it.
- plastic - A light artificial material that can be shaped, used to make many everyday objects.
- concentrate - to give all your attention to one thing
- fence - A barrier of wood, wire, or metal that encloses or divides an area of land.
- soap - A substance used with water for washing and cleaning the body or things.
- statue - A figure of a person or animal carved or cast from stone, metal, or wood.
- chemical - A substance, such as an element or compound, used in or produced by chemistry.
- spill - To accidentally let liquid or a substance flow out of its container.
- float - To stay on the surface of a liquid instead of sinking.
- scissors - A tool for cutting paper, cloth, and other thin materials, made of two blades joined at a pivot.
- boil - (of a liquid) To become hot enough to bubble and turn into vapour.
- lemonade - A cold drink made from lemon, water, and sugar.
- wool - The soft, thick hair that grows on sheep.
- shampoo - A liquid soap used for washing your hair.
- mineral water
- olive oil
- woolen - made of wool or relating to wool

### B1
- block - To stop something or someone from moving or making progress.
- stick - A thin piece of wood, especially one that has fallen from a tree.
- main - Most important; chief or principal.
- iron - A common hard grey metal that rusts and is used to make steel
- alcohol - Drinks such as beer, wine, and spirits that can make you drunk.
- tank - A large container for holding liquid or gas.
- solid - Hard and firm, keeping its shape; not liquid or gas.
- steel - A strong, hard metal made from iron, used in building and tools.
- wrap - To cover something completely by folding paper, cloth, or other material around it.
- pipe - A tube through which liquid or gas can flow.
- oxygen - A colourless, odourless gas that humans and animals need to breathe and that makes up part of the air.
- pole - A long, thin, rounded piece of wood or metal used to hold or support something.
- freezing - Extremely cold.
- pump - A machine that moves liquid or gas from one place to another.
- temper - A tendency to become angry quickly.
- sheet - A large piece of thin cloth put on a bed under and over the sleeper.
- steam - The hot gas that water turns into when it boils.
- drown - To die from being unable to breathe under water.
- cotton - A soft cloth or thread made from the cotton plant.
- deposit - A sum of money paid as a first part of a larger payment, or to reserve something.
- liquid - A substance that flows freely, like water, and takes the shape of its container.
- tin - A sealed metal container used to keep food or drink fresh.
- barrel - A large round container with flat ends, used for storing liquids like beer or oil.
- bubble - A thin ball of liquid filled with air or gas
- brass - A group of musical instruments made of metal that are played by blowing, such as trumpets and trombones.
- melt - To turn from solid into liquid, usually because of heat.
- wax - A soft, solid substance made from oils or fats that melts when warmed, used to make candles and to polish surfaces.
- concentration - the ability to give all your attention to something
- filter - A device that removes unwanted things from a liquid, gas, or other substance passing through it.
- mineral - A natural solid substance found in the ground, such as gold, salt, or quartz.
- tablet - A small, solid piece of medicine that you swallow; a pill.
- vein - One of the tubes in your body that carry blood back to the heart.
- absorb - to take in a liquid, gas, or other substance gradually
- inject - To put a drug or other liquid into the body using a needle.
- sticker - A small piece of paper or plastic with a picture or words on it, with glue on the back so it can be stuck onto a surface.
- tile - A thin, flat, usually square piece of baked clay, stone, or similar material used to cover floors, walls, or roofs.
- dissolve - To mix into a liquid and become part of it.
- turbulence - Sudden, violent movements of the air that shake an aircraft during flight.
- pollutant - A substance that makes air, water, or soil dirty or harmful, especially waste from human activity.
- label - A small piece of paper or other material attached to something to give information about it.
- substance - A particular type of solid, liquid, or gas with its own properties.
- grain - The seeds of food crops such as wheat, corn, and rice, used for food.
- inorganic - relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis
- calcium - the chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20, a soft, silvery, reactive alkaline-earth metal that occurs naturally only in compounds
- chloride - the negatively charged chlorine ion, Cl−, found in many salts and serving as an important electrolyte in body fluids
- absorbent - able to take in liquid, heat, light, or another substance

### B2
- jet - A fast aircraft powered by jet engines instead of propellers.
- hook - A curved piece of metal or plastic used to hang, hold, or catch things.
- cast - To choose an actor for a role in a film or play.
- punch - A hard hit with the fist.
- seal - A sea animal with smooth fur and flippers that lives partly in water and partly on land.
- badge - A small piece of metal, plastic, or cloth worn to show who you are, your rank, or that you belong to a group.
- leak - A hole or crack that lets liquid or gas pass through by accident.
- sack - A large bag made of strong material like cloth or paper, used for carrying things.
- shield - A broad piece of metal, wood, or other material held in the hand to protect the body in battle.
- beam - A long, thick piece of wood or metal used to support a building or structure.
- acid - A chemical substance, often sour or corrosive, that reacts with bases and can dissolve metals.
- concrete - a hard building material made by mixing cement, sand, and water
- reed - A tall, thin plant with a hollow stem that grows in or near water.
- drain - A pipe or channel that carries away waste water or liquid.
- fluid - A liquid; a substance that flows.
- pad - A thick, soft piece of material used for protection, comfort, or to absorb liquid.
- thread - A thin strand of cotton, silk, or other material used for sewing.
- fabric - Cloth or material made by weaving or knitting threads together.
- lens - A curved piece of glass or plastic that focuses light, used in cameras, glasses, and microscopes.
- discharge - To officially allow or order someone to leave, especially a hospital, the army, or a job.
- pint - A unit for measuring liquid, equal to about half a litre.
- soaked - Completely wet with water or another liquid.
- extract - To remove or pull something out, often with effort or force.
- salty - Tasting of salt.
- cocoa - A hot drink made with milk or water, cocoa powder, and sugar.
- dye - To change the color of something, such as hair or cloth, using a colored liquid.
- prospect - The chance or likelihood that something will happen, often something good.
- ax - A tool with a heavy metal blade on a handle, used for cutting wood.
- clarify - To make something easier to understand by explaining it more clearly.
- carve - To make an object or shape by cutting away pieces of wood, stone, or other material.
- screening - The process of testing or checking people or things to find any with a particular feature or problem.
- cardboard - A thick, stiff material like heavy paper, used to make boxes.
- soaking - Extremely wet; completely wet through.
- weave - To make cloth or other material by crossing threads over and under each other.
- suspend - To stop something for a period of time before it continues again.
- aluminum - A light, silvery metal used to make cans, foil, and many other products.
- ammonia - A colourless gas made of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH₃) that has a strong, sharp smell.
- pebble - A small, smooth, round stone, especially one shaped by water.
- cannonball - A heavy metal ball that was fired from a cannon in the past.
- supplement - Something added to make up for what is missing or to improve something.
- refinery - A factory where a raw substance such as oil, sugar, or metal is purified.
- catalyst - Something or someone that causes an important change or event to happen.
- denim - A strong, heavy cotton fabric, usually blue, used to make jeans.
- thickness - How thick something is; the distance between its two opposite surfaces.
- sliver - A thin, narrow piece cut or broken off something.
- bookmark - A saved link to a website that lets you return to it quickly.
- wallboard - Flat boards, often made with a plaster core and paper surface, used to cover walls and ceilings.
- antistatic - Preventing the buildup of static electricity.
- soot - a black powdery or flaky substance produced by incomplete combustion of coal, wood, oil, etc.
- mold - To shape a soft material into a particular form.
- draft - An early version of a piece of writing that you may still change.
- mercury - a heavy, silvery chemical element that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
- metallic - made of, containing, or resembling metal
- gravel - small loose stones, often used on paths, roads, or driveways
- ruby - a deep red precious stone, a variety of corundum
- pigment - a substance that gives color to animal or plant tissue or to another material
- earthenware - a relatively porous ceramic made from clay fired at a lower temperature than stoneware or porcelain
- grime - dirt, soot, or grease that is ingrained and difficult to remove
- potassium - the chemical element with symbol K and atomic number 19, a soft, silvery, highly reactive alkali metal that occurs naturally only in compounds
- shale - a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed by compacted clay, mud, or silt, typically laminated and able to split into thin layers
- silicon - the chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14, a hard, brittle semiconductor abundant in rocks as silica and silicates and widely used in electronic devices
- droplet - a very small drop of liquid, especially one suspended in a gas or deposited on a surface
- magnesium - the chemical element with atomic number 12, a light, silvery-white metal that burns with an intense white flame
- amethyst - a transparent purple or violet variety of quartz used as a gemstone
- pulp - a soft, wet, shapeless mass made by crushing or breaking down material
- phosphate - a salt or ester of phosphoric acid
- manganese - the chemical element with atomic number 25, a hard gray metal used especially to strengthen steel and in batteries

### C1
- crystal - A clear, solid mineral form with a regular geometric shape; high-quality clear glass.
- rod - A long, thin, straight bar or stick of wood or metal.
- magnetic - Having the properties of a magnet, or able to attract metal such as iron.
- hydrogen - The lightest chemical element (symbol H), a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas.
- plumbing - The pipes and fixtures that carry water, gas, or sewage in a building.
- duct - a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance
- synthetic - Made artificially by chemical processes rather than coming from nature.
- pipeline - A long pipe used to carry oil, gas, or water over a distance.
- fatigue - A feeling of being very tired, usually after hard physical or mental effort
- aquarium - A glass tank or bowl filled with water for keeping fish and other water animals.
- plaque - A flat piece of metal, stone, or wood with writing on it, fixed to a wall or monument to remember a person or event.
- neutralize - To stop something from having an effect by balancing it out.
- consistency - The quality of always behaving or performing in the same way.
- indicator - A sign or measurement that shows what a situation is like.
- chisel - A hand tool with a sharp flat blade, used for cutting or shaping wood, stone, or metal.
- resin - A sticky substance produced by some trees and plants, used in varnishes, glues, and other products.
- impervious - Not affected or influenced by something, such as criticism or emotion.
- repellant - A substance used to keep insects or animals away.
- neutralization - The act of stopping something from having an effect by balancing it out.
- lacquerware - decorative objects coated with lacquer for a glossy finish
- manacle - a metal band, chain, or shackle for fastening someone's hands or ankles
- velveteen - a cotton fabric with a short, dense pile, resembling velvet
- wale - a ridge on a textured surface, such as fabric or skin, often raised or swollen
- ingot - metal that is cast in the shape of a block for convenient handling
- corrode - to destroy or be gradually destroyed by a chemical reaction, especially oxidation or acid
- wick - a cord or strip in a candle or lamp that draws fuel upward and burns at its tip
- grease - a thick oily or fatty substance, especially one used to lubricate machinery
- flint - a hard gray or black stone that can produce sparks when struck
- scum - a film of foam, dirt, impurities, or vegetation that forms on the surface of a liquid
- clayey - containing a large amount of clay, or having the dense, sticky qualities of clay
- earthen - made of baked clay
- asphalt - a black, sticky form of bitumen found naturally or left after petroleum is refined
- ebony - a dense, hard, usually very dark wood obtained from several tropical trees
- chlorine - the chemical element with atomic number 17, a toxic greenish-yellow halogen gas in its elemental form
- linoleum - a durable floor covering traditionally made from solidified linseed oil on a canvas or similar backing
- wicker - flexible twigs, cane, or similar plant material woven to make baskets, furniture, and other objects, or the woven work itself
- garnet - any of a group of hard silicate minerals, commonly dark red and often cut as gemstones
- porcelain - a hard, fine, usually white and translucent ceramic fired at a high temperature
- gypsum - a soft white or colorless mineral consisting of hydrated calcium sulfate, widely used to make plaster, cement, and wallboard
- lithium - the chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3, a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive alkali metal and the lightest metal
- methane - the simplest hydrocarbon, CH4, a colorless flammable gas that is the principal component of natural gas and a powerful greenhouse gas
- chromium - the chemical element with atomic number 24 and symbol Cr, a hard, lustrous metal used especially in alloys and protective plating
- einsteinium - a synthetic radioactive chemical element with atomic number 99 and symbol Es
- graphite - a soft, dark allotrope of carbon whose atoms form loosely stacked hexagonal layers, used in pencils, lubricants, electrodes, and some nuclear reactors
- cadmium - the soft, silvery-white, toxic chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48
- indium - the soft, silvery-white chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49
- nitrous oxide - a colorless, mildly sweet-smelling gas, N2O, used as an anesthetic and propellant and also emitted as a powerful greenhouse gas
- tinder - dry, easily combustible material used to start a fire
- varnish - a transparent liquid coating that dries to form a hard, protective, usually glossy surface
- morocco - a soft, durable leather, traditionally goatskin and often pebble-grained, used for fine bookbindings and luxury goods
- solidification - the process by which a liquid or gas becomes solid, especially through cooling, drying, or crystallization
- gingham - a lightweight cotton fabric woven from dyed and white yarn, typically in checks
- potash - potassium carbonate or an impure mixture of potassium salts formerly obtained from wood ashes
- starch - a complex carbohydrate stored by plants and found abundantly in foods such as grain and potatoes
- hydrochloric - of, relating to, or containing hydrochloric acid, the aqueous form of hydrogen chloride
- wad - a small, compact mass of soft material, such as cotton, paper, or cloth
- acetone - a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid that is the simplest ketone and is widely used as a solvent
- hank - a coil, loop, or bundle of yarn, rope, hair, or other long flexible material
- nugget - a naturally occurring solid lump of a precious metal, especially gold
- asbestos - a commercial and legal name for a group of six naturally occurring fibrous silicate minerals
- aqueous - consisting of, containing, or dissolved in water
- cobalt - the chemical element with atomic number 27, a hard silvery-blue metal used in alloys, batteries, magnets, and pigments
- nitrite - the radical -NO2 or any compound containing it (such as a salt or ester of nitrous acid)
- gallium - a chemical element (symbol Ga) with an atomic number of 31; a soft bluish metal.

### C2
- residue - A small amount of something that is left behind after the rest is gone.
- splinter - A small, thin, sharp piece of wood, glass, or metal.
- clot - to coalesce or unite in a mass
- slab - A large, flat, thick piece of solid material such as stone, concrete, or wood.
- commodity - A raw material or basic product that is bought and sold in large amounts, such as oil or grain.
- gout - A painful disease that swells the joints, especially the big toe, caused by too much uric acid in the body.
- quench - cool by plunging into cold water or other liquid
- pyre - A large pile of wood on which a dead body is burned as a funeral rite.
- ladle - remove with or as if with a ladle
- synthesis - The combining of separate ideas, things, or influences into a single, coherent whole.
- staunch - stop the flow of a liquid
- condensation - The process by which a gas, especially water vapor, turns into a liquid.
- etching - The art of cutting a design into a metal plate with acid so prints can be made from it.
- liquefy - make (a solid substance) liquid, as by heating
- sulphuric - Relating to or containing sulphur, as in sulphuric acid.
- vitriol - cruel and bitter criticism; savagely hostile or abusive language
- coagulate - to change from a liquid to a thickened or solid state
- crystallization - The process of becoming clear, definite, or precise.
- emulsifier - A substance that helps two liquids mix into a smooth blend and keeps them from separating.
- emulsify - To mix two liquids that normally separate, such as oil and water, into a smooth blend.
- leavening - A substance, such as yeast, that makes dough or batter rise.
- emulsification - The process of mixing two liquids that normally separate, such as oil and water, into a smooth blend.
- metalled - (Of a road) surfaced with crushed stone or gravel.
- crucible - a vessel made of material that does not melt easily
- alkaline - relating to or containing an alkali
- musk - A greasy secretion with a powerful odour, produced in a glandular sac of the male musk deer and used in the manufacture of perfumes.
- viscid - having the sticky properties of an adhesive
- pellet - a solid missile discharged from a firearm
- plateau - A comparatively stable level after a period of increase. (of a varying quantity)
- garret - An attic or semi-finished room just beneath the roof of a house.
- shawl - A square or rectangular piece of cloth worn as a covering for the head, neck, and shoulders, typically by women.
- firewood - wood used for fuel
- lace - draw through eyes or holes
- rasp - The sound made by this tool when used, or any similar sound.
- yarn - A story, a tale, especially one that is incredible.
- crag - A rocky outcrop; a rugged steep cliff or rock.
- woodcut - engraving consisting of a block of wood with a design cut into it
- sulfate - Any salt or ester of sulfuric acid.
- blond - being or having light colored skin and hair and usually blue or grey eyes
- pier - A raised platform built from the shore out over water, supported on piles; used to secure, or provide access to shipping; a jetty.
- sawdust - Food that is unpleasantly powdery and tasteless.
- brine - to soak in salty water
- keyhole - the hole where a key is inserted
- merino - The fabric made from this wool (or from any similar yarn).
- encrust - to cover or become covered with a hard crust or deposited layer
- tole - decorative sheet-metal ware with a painted, lacquered, or enamelled surface
- enamel - the hard, white outer covering of the crown of a tooth
- corrugate - to form a material into parallel ridges, folds, or grooves
- leathern - made of leather; now chiefly archaic or literary
- amber - a hard, translucent yellow or brown fossil resin, often used in jewelry and sometimes containing preserved organisms
- basaltic - geology: relating to, formed from, containing, or resembling basalt
- porphyry - an igneous rock containing conspicuous large crystals within a much finer-grained groundmass
- india-rubber - an old-fashioned name for natural rubber, the elastic waterproof material obtained from plant latex
- dreg - a small amount of sediment or residue left at the bottom of a liquid
- mote - a tiny particle or speck, especially one visible in the air
- sulfurous - containing, resembling, or smelling of sulfur
- sheepskin - the skin of a sheep, especially when tanned as leather or used with the fleece still attached
- chloral - a pungent, colorless oily aldehyde, CCl3CHO, used to make chloral hydrate and other chemicals
- cashmere - very fine, soft fiber obtained from the undercoat of cashmere goats
- benzoline - a historical name for a volatile petroleum or coal-tar solvent, used especially for cleaning and removing grease
- turpentine - a volatile liquid distilled from pine resin and used as a solvent, paint thinner, and source of chemical compounds
- pasteboard - stiff cardboard made by pasting together layers or sheets of paper
- strychnine - a highly poisonous crystalline alkaloid obtained from plants such as nux vomica and formerly used medicinally and as a pesticide
- reagent - a substance or mixture used to cause, detect, measure, or investigate a chemical reaction
- rawhide - animal hide, especially cattle hide, that has been cleaned but not tanned
- ochre - a natural earth pigment containing iron oxide, ranging from yellow to reddish brown
- carborundum - silicon carbide, an extremely hard crystalline material used as an abrasive and in industrial ceramics
- pewter - a grey, workable alloy consisting chiefly of tin mixed with small amounts of other metals
- greenstone - any of various compact dark-green rocks, especially altered basic igneous rocks such as diabase or diorite
- lint - loose short fibers or fuzzy fluff shed by cloth and yarn
- horsehair - hair taken from a horse's mane or tail, used in brushes, bows, upholstery, and other products
- carbolic - phenol, especially when used as an antiseptic or disinfectant
- serge - a strong twill-weave fabric, traditionally made of wool or worsted and often used for suits and uniforms
- pumice - a very light, porous volcanic glass formed when gas-rich lava cools rapidly
- metallurgy - the science and technology of extracting metals, refining and alloying them, and controlling their properties during processing
- crepe - a light, thin fabric with a finely wrinkled or crinkled surface
- actinium - the radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89, the first element of the actinide series
- fluorine - the chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9, whose elemental form is an extremely reactive, toxic, pale-yellow halogen gas
- argon - the chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18, a colorless, odorless, largely unreactive noble gas that forms about 0.93 percent of Earth's atmosphere
- fluoride - a compound in which fluorine is combined with a more electropositive element or chemical group
- beryllium - the chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4, a hard, gray, low-density alkaline-earth metal valued for its stiffness and transparency to X-rays
- bismuth - the chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83, a dense, brittle, crystalline metal that is silvery white with a pink tinge
- protactinium - the chemical element with symbol Pa and atomic number 91, a dense, silvery, highly radioactive actinide metal with no stable isotopes
- vanadium - the chemical element with symbol V and atomic number 23, a silvery transition metal used chiefly to strengthen steel and in several industrial catalysts
- cellophane - a thin, transparent wrapping film made from regenerated cellulose
- spermaceti - a white waxy substance from the spermaceti organ in a sperm whale's head, historically used in candles, cosmetics, ointments, and lubricants
- bromine - the chemical element with atomic number 35 and symbol Br, a toxic, fuming red-brown halogen that is liquid at room temperature
- nitroglycerin - a dense, oily, highly explosive liquid made by nitrating glycerol and used in explosives such as dynamite
- curium - a synthetic radioactive metallic chemical element with atomic number 96 and symbol Cm
- fermium - a synthetic radioactive chemical element with atomic number 100 and symbol Fm
- lawrencium - a synthetic radioactive chemical element with atomic number 103 and symbol Lr
- palladium - a rare, lustrous, silvery-white chemical element with atomic number 46 and symbol Pd
- tritium - a radioactive isotope of hydrogen whose nucleus contains one proton and two neutrons; symbol 3H or T
- neptunium - the radioactive transuranic chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93
- technetium - the radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Tc and atomic number 43, all of whose isotopes are unstable
- krypton - the colorless, odorless noble-gas chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36
- rhodium - the rare, hard, silvery-white chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45, belonging to the platinum group
- promethium - the radioactive rare-earth chemical element with symbol Pm and atomic number 61, which has no stable isotopes
- molybdenum - the hard, silvery chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42, used especially to strengthen steel alloys
- baize - a thick, soft woolen cloth resembling felt, often green and used to cover card or billiard tables
- verdigris - the blue-green patina that forms on copper, brass, or bronze exposed to air and moisture
- malachite - a bright green copper carbonate mineral used as an ore, pigment, and ornamental stone
- steatite - a soft, dense variety of talc with a soapy feel, commonly called soapstone
- saltpeter - potassium nitrate, a white crystalline compound used in fertilizers, food preservation, and especially gunpowder
- nitrate - a salt or ester of nitric acid, containing the nitrate ion or nitrate group
- emulsion - a dispersion of tiny droplets of one liquid in another liquid with which it does not normally mix
- cesium - the soft, highly reactive alkali-metal chemical element with atomic number 55 and symbol Cs
- brocade - a rich, heavy fabric woven with a raised ornamental design, traditionally using gold or silver thread
- dissoluble - capable of being dissolved or broken down into constituent parts
- cinnamon stone - an orange to reddish-brown gemstone variety of grossular garnet, also called hessonite
- combustible - capable of catching fire and burning
- cambric - a fine, closely woven white fabric originally made of linen and now also made of cotton
- castor oil - a pale, thick oil pressed from castor beans, used medicinally as a laxative and industrially as a lubricant, plasticizer, and chemical feedstock
- senega - historical: gum arabic obtained in or exported from the Senegal region, used especially in dyeing and manufacturing
- peltry - animal pelts or furs collectively, especially raw, undressed skins traded as a commodity
- lye - a strongly alkaline solution, traditionally made by leaching water through wood ashes
- whalebone - baleen, the flexible keratin plates in certain whales' mouths that filter food from water
- alum - any of a class of crystalline double sulfates, especially potassium or ammonium aluminum sulfate, used in dyeing, tanning, water treatment, and as an astringent
- copperas - historical chemistry: iron(II) sulfate, a green crystalline compound used in dyes, inks, tanning, and other processes
- litharge - lead monoxide, especially the fused yellow or reddish material produced during the refining of lead or silver
- quicksilver - the metallic element mercury, especially when seen in its mobile liquid form
- matchwood - wood reduced to small splinters, especially by violent damage
- myrrh - a fragrant reddish-brown gum resin obtained from Commiphora trees and used in incense, perfume, and traditional medicine
- shruff - historical metalworking: old or broken brass or copper, filings, dross, and similar metal refuse kept for remelting
- sackcloth - a coarse, rough fabric like the material traditionally used for sacks
- bituminous - containing, resembling, or having the tar-like qualities of bitumen
- sal - salt, especially in traditional chemical or pharmaceutical names such as sal volatile
- tarpaulin - a large sheet of strong waterproof material used to cover and protect things
- corrosive - able to destroy or damage a material gradually through chemical action
- cowhide - strong leather made from the skin of a cow
- damask - a rich fabric whose woven pattern is visible through contrasting textures, often reversible
- fustic - the yellow dyewood or dye obtained from the tropical American tree Maclura tinctoria, also called old fustic or dyer's mulberry
- oakum - loose hemp or jute fiber, traditionally made by untwisting old rope and used with pitch to seal seams
- alabaster - a fine-grained, usually pale and translucent form of gypsum or calcite used for carving
- argillaceous - made of, containing, or resembling clay
- skein - a length of yarn or thread wound into a loose, elongated coil
- chintz - a printed cotton fabric, often glazed and decorated with brightly colored floral patterns
- gabardine - a firm, tightly woven fabric with a smooth face and a prominent diagonal twill, used especially for suits and coats
- gunny - a coarse, strong fabric made from jute or hemp, especially for sacks
- vitreous - made of, resembling, or having the qualities of glass
- whipcord - a thin, strong, tightly twisted cord, originally used for the lash of a whip
- opal - a translucent form of hydrated silica, often used as a gemstone and prized for flashes of changing color
- muck - dirt, mud, manure, or other wet and unpleasant matter
- moreen - historical: a heavy woolen or wool-and-cotton furnishing fabric, often with a ribbed or watered finish
- selenite - a transparent or translucent crystalline variety of gypsum
- broadcloth - a dense, smooth woolen cloth, historically woven wider than ordinary cloth and used for fine garments
- clinker - a hard, stony lump of fused ash left after coal or other fuel has burned
- greensand - greenish sand or sandstone containing the mineral glauconite
- rosewood - a dense, dark reddish or purplish hardwood with a strongly marked grain, valued for furniture and decorative work
- iron mould - a yellow, brown, or reddish stain on cloth, paper, or a similar material caused by rusty iron or an iron-based ink
- beryl - a hard mineral that is the chief ore of beryllium and occurs in gemstone varieties such as emerald and aquamarine
- tweed - a rough, closely woven woolen cloth, usually in mixed colors and often used for jackets and suits
- astrakhan - the tightly curled black or gray fleece of a young karakul lamb, used as fur
- chiffon - a very light, sheer fabric woven from silk or synthetic fibers
- iodoform - a pale yellow crystalline compound, CHI₃, with a strong odor, formerly used as an antiseptic
- mousseline - a very fine, soft, semi-transparent fabric resembling muslin, made from silk, wool, or cotton
- bombazine - a twilled fabric traditionally made with a silk warp and worsted weft, often dyed black for mourning clothes
- granule - a very small grain or particle of a substance
- siliceous - of, relating to, containing, or resembling silica or a silicate
- buckskin - soft, strong leather traditionally made from deerskin and now also from sheepskin
- beeswax - the wax produced by honeybees to build honeycomb, used in candles, polish, and other products
- japan - a hard, usually dark lacquer or enamel used to give wood or metal a durable glossy finish
- fusibility - the quality or degree of being capable of melting or being fused by heat
- muriate - an obsolete chemical name for a chloride, a salt regarded as derived from muriatic acid
- lacquer - a liquid or resinous coating that dries to form a hard, smooth, glossy surface on wood, metal, or another material
- flinders - small broken pieces, splinters, or fragments, especially after something has been smashed
- silicate - chemistry: a salt or ester derived from a silicic acid and containing silicon and oxygen
- castoreum - a strong-smelling secretion from a beaver's castor sacs, used in scent marking and historically in medicine and perfumery
- satinwood - a smooth, hard, lustrous yellowish wood used for fine furniture, veneers, marquetry, and cabinetwork
- whinstone - chiefly British: hard, dark basaltic rock or traprock, often quarried for road stone
- catgut - a tough cord made from the cleaned and twisted intestines of animals, usually sheep, formerly used for musical strings, racket strings, and surgical sutures
- oilcloth - cloth coated with oil, resin, or another waterproof material, formerly used for floors, tables, shelves, and coverings
- turquoise - an opaque blue-green mineral containing hydrated copper and aluminium phosphate, valued as a gemstone
- ambergris - a waxy substance formed in the digestive tract of a sperm whale and historically prized as a perfume fixative
- balas - a pale red or rose-coloured spinel historically called a balas ruby and often mistaken for true ruby
- chrysoberyl - a very hard beryllium aluminium oxide mineral, commonly yellow to green and used as a gemstone
- jacinth - a transparent reddish-orange or reddish-brown variety of zircon used as a gemstone
- lapis - lapis lazuli, especially when used as a gemstone, pigment source, inlay, or decorative material
- nacre - the hard, smooth, iridescent substance lining many mollusc shells and forming the outer coating of pearls
- ormolu - gilt bronze or brass, especially mercury-gilded decorative mounts used on fine European furniture, clocks, and ornaments
- peridot - a transparent yellow-green or olive-green gem-quality variety of the mineral olivine
- sardius - historical or biblical: sard, a translucent brownish-red to deep orange-red variety of chalcedony used as a gemstone
- snakeskin - the skin shed by or removed from a snake, especially leather prepared from snake skin
- sunstone - a gem variety of feldspar whose reflective inclusions often produce a glittering optical effect called aventurescence
- silex - silica or a hard siliceous material, especially flint
- carnelian - a translucent red, orange, or reddish-brown variety of chalcedony used as a gemstone
- chrysolite - a yellow-green or golden-green gem variety of olivine, now generally called peridot
- jasper - an opaque, impure variety of chalcedony occurring in red, yellow, brown, green, and other colors and used as a gemstone or ornamental stone
- moonstone - a translucent feldspar gemstone that displays a floating pearly or bluish sheen called adularescence
- efflorescence - a powdery or crystalline deposit left on a surface when dissolved salts migrate and the water evaporates
- feldspathic - relating to, containing, or rich in feldspar
- ferruginous - containing iron or an iron compound
- freestone - stone, especially sandstone or limestone, that can be cut and worked easily in any direction
- spinel - a hard, glassy magnesium aluminium oxide mineral that crystallizes in the cubic system and occurs in many colors
- topaz - a hard aluminium fluorosilicate mineral, often transparent and cut as a gemstone in colorless, yellow, blue, pink, brown, or other varieties
- tussore - a strong, naturally tan or brownish silk produced by the larvae of several wild Asian saturniid moths
- gumwood - the wood of a gum tree, especially eucalyptus or sweetgum, used for timber and other products
- marl - a loose earthy deposit made chiefly of clay and calcium carbonate, often containing shell fragments
- micaceous - containing or consisting partly of mica
- phonolite - a fine-grained volcanic rock composed chiefly of alkali feldspar and nepheline, some varieties of which ring when struck
- syenite - a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mainly of alkali feldspar with minerals such as hornblende or biotite and little or no quartz
- teak - a hard, durable, oily, yellowish-brown timber valued for outdoor furniture, flooring, and shipbuilding
- patina - a thin surface layer produced by oxidation or other chemical change, especially the green coating on aged copper or bronze
- talc - an extremely soft hydrous magnesium silicate mineral with a greasy or soapy feel, used in ceramics, paint, paper, plastics, and powders
- pyrite - a common brass-yellow mineral consisting of iron disulfide, often mistaken for gold
- cretonne - a strong, often printed fabric of cotton, linen, or rayon used especially for curtains, slipcovers, and upholstery
- vitrify - to convert a material into glass or a glasslike substance by heat and fusion, or to undergo that change
- aragonite - an orthorhombic mineral form of calcium carbonate, denser than calcite and common in shells, pearls, coral skeletons, and some cave deposits
- concretion - a hard, often rounded mineral mass formed by material accumulating within sediment or sedimentary rock
- feldspar - any mineral in a major group of rock-forming aluminosilicates containing potassium, sodium, or calcium
- travertine - a light-colored, often porous form of limestone deposited by mineral springs and used as a building or decorative stone
- gneiss - a coarse-grained metamorphic rock with distinct light and dark mineral bands, commonly formed under high temperature and pressure
- shagreen - a tough leather with a granular surface, historically made from horsehide and now commonly from shark or ray skin
- papier-mâché - a moldable material made from paper pulp or strips of paper mixed with glue or paste and hardened when dry
- sleave - archaic: to separate or spread into fine threads, strands, or filaments
- amyl - a hydrocarbon radical that occurs in many organic compounds
- acetylene - a colorless, highly flammable gas used especially for welding and cutting metals; ethyne
- ammoniac - relating to, containing, or resembling ammonia
- ironstone - an iron-rich sedimentary rock or ore
- khaki - a dull yellowish-brown color or sturdy cloth, especially as used for military uniforms
- pinchbeck - an alloy of copper and zinc formerly used as an imitation of gold
- puce - a color varying from dark purplish brown to dark red
- silvern - having the white lustrous sheen of silver
- solferino - a vivid purplish-red or magenta color, originally the name of an aniline dye
- amine - a compound derived from ammonia by replacing hydrogen atoms by univalent hydrocarbon radicals
- ammoniacal - pertaining to or containing or similar to ammonia
- iridium - a chemical element (symbol Ir) with an atomic number of 77: a very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group.
- picric - designating a type of bitter yellow acid.
- bearskin - the pelt of a bear, especially when used as a rug or covering
- fusible - capable of being melted or fused by heat

### C2+
- repellent - causing disgust or aversion; a substance that drives something away
- alloy - a metal made by combining two or more elements
- condense - to make denser or more concise; to change from gas to liquid
- inhalation - the act of breathing air or another substance into the lungs
- wring - to squeeze and twist something to force out liquid
- precipitate - to cause to happen suddenly; hasty; a solid separated from a solution
- boracic - of or containing boric acid; British rhyming slang for penniless
- dematerialization - the process of losing or seeming to lose material form or substance
- immaterial - unimportant or irrelevant; also, having no physical substance
- runny - more liquid than is usual or expected; tending to flow
- textile - a type of cloth or woven fabric
- adhesive - a substance used to stick objects together; sticky
- admix - to mingle or blend one substance with another
- beefy - muscular, brawny, or substantially solid
- dilute - to make a liquid thinner or weaker by adding water or another substance
- gilded - covered with a thin layer of gold; superficially attractive
- inane - silly, empty, and lacking sense or substance
- pornographic - relating to explicit sexual material intended to arouse
- precipitant - a substance causing a precipitate; acting with sudden haste
- secrete - to produce and discharge a substance; also, to hide away
- transmutation - the act of changing one substance or form into another
- adulterant - a substance added to dilute or debase something, especially a foodstuff
- argent - silver; the heraldic tincture silver or white
- assay - a test of the quality or composition of a substance, especially an ore or metal
- coating - a thin layer of substance spread over a surface
- contaminant - a substance that pollutes or makes something impure
- dyestuff - a material yielding a dye, especially a synthetic coloring agent
- extrusion - the act of forcing or thrusting out, as shaping material through a die
- glue - an adhesive substance for joining things; to stick fast
- hydrometeor - any atmospheric water in liquid or solid form, such as rain, snow, or fog
- insubstantial - lacking substance, strength, or reality; flimsy
- insulate - to protect by surrounding with a non-conducting material or barrier
- panning - the act of washing sediment to separate gold, or of harshly criticizing
- shard - a sharp fragment of broken pottery, glass, or other brittle material
- spout - a tube or lip for pouring liquid; to eject liquid forcibly
- torrent - a strong, fast-moving stream of water or other liquid
- amalgam - a blend or mixture, especially an alloy of mercury with another metal
- anneal - to heat metal or glass and cool it slowly to toughen and reduce brittleness
- blacksmith - a metalworker who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil
- carburize - to harden the surface of iron or steel by adding carbon
- chunky - thick and solid, or containing thick lumps
- counterpoison - a substance that neutralizes a poison; an antidote
- desalt - to remove salt from, especially from seawater
- excitant - a substance or agent that stimulates a bodily function
- firmament - the vault of the sky regarded as a solid expanse; the heavens
- frit - calcined materials fused to make glass or glaze
- glassy - smooth and shiny like glass; lacking expression
- herbicide - a chemical substance used to destroy unwanted plants
- immersion - the act of plunging into a liquid or being deeply involved in something
- impregnant - a substance used to impregnate or saturate something
- impregnate - to saturate or imbue with a substance, or to make pregnant
- insecticide - a substance used to kill insects
- leakage - the gradual escape of a fluid, gas, or information through a flaw or opening
- lox - brine-cured salmon; also liquid oxygen
- ovoid - egg-shaped; a solid or surface shaped like an egg
- radiumize - to treat or impregnate with radium or radioactive material
- rancid - smelling or tasting unpleasantly stale, as of spoiled fat or oil
- ruffle - to disturb the smoothness of; to annoy; a gathered frill of fabric
- sandpaper - paper coated with abrasive grit, used to smooth surfaces
- smear - to spread a substance messily; to slander someone
- soakage - the act of soaking or the liquid absorbed by soaking
- spike - a thin pointed piece of metal, or a sharp sudden increase
- swarf - the fine chips or filings produced by machining or grinding metal
- toxicant - a poisonous substance, especially a man-made one
- turbine - a rotary engine driven by a flow of water, steam, gas, or air
- woody - consisting of or resembling wood, or covered with trees
- flannel - A soft cloth material originally woven from wool, today often combined with cotton or synthetic fibers.
- lambswool - soft wool or woolen fabric from the first shearing of young sheep
- parmacety - obsolete: spermaceti, the white waxy substance obtained from the head of a sperm whale
- hahnium - obsolete, a proposed name used during disputes over the naming of heavy synthetic elements, especially dubnium and hassium
- mendelevium - a synthetic radioactive metallic chemical element with atomic number 101 and symbol Md
- rutherfordium - a synthetic radioactive chemical element with atomic number 104 and symbol Rf
- lawny - made of or resembling lawn, a fine, lightweight linen or cotton fabric
- gold latten - historical: gold formed into thin plates or sheets
- masting timber - timber of the size and quality required for making ships' masts, yards, or similar spars
- gum Senegal - a variety of gum arabic historically exported from Senegal and obtained from acacia trees
- mundic - Cornish and mining usage: pyrite or arsenopyrite, especially when occurring as a sulfurous mineral in an ore
- linsey-woolsey - a coarse, sturdy fabric woven with a linen or cotton warp and a woolen weft
- brickdust - fine powder produced from crushed, cut, or weathered brick
- cymophane - a translucent yellowish or greenish variety of chrysoberyl displaying chatoyancy, commonly called cat's-eye
- cherty - containing, resembling, or composed largely of chert, a hard fine-grained siliceous rock
- orrisroot - the dried, fragrant rhizome of certain irises, especially Iris pallida and Iris germanica
- mica-slate - historical geology: a foliated metamorphic rock composed chiefly of mica and quartz, now usually called mica schist
- cinderous - consisting of, resembling, or covered with cinders
- bistered - colored with or as if with bister
- spilth - Spillage; spilled material
- arsenicate - to treat, impregnate, or contaminate with arsenic or an arsenic compound
- dissolubility - the capacity of a substance or structure to be dissolved or disintegrated

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