The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

1 (return) [ J. Parsons, in his paper in the Appendix to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1746, p. 41, gives a list of forty-one old authors who have written on Expression.] 2 (return) [ Conférences sur l’expression des différents Caractères des Passions.’ Paris, 4to, 1667. I always quote from the republication of the ‘Conférences’ in the edition of Lavater, by Moreau, which appeared in 1820, as given in vol. ix. p. 257.] 3 (return) [ ‘Discours par Pierre Camper sur le moyen de représenter les diverses passions,’ &c. 1792. 1844] 4 (return) [ I always quote from the third edition, 1844, which was published after the death of Sir C. Bell, and contains his latest corrections. The first edition of 1806 is much inferior in merit, and does not include some of his more important views.] 5 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie et de la Parole,’ par Albert Lemoine, 1865, p. 101.] 6 (return) [ ‘L’Art de connaître les Hommes,’ &c., par G. Lavater. The earliest edition of this work, referred to in the preface to the edition of 1820 in ten volumes, as containing the observations of M. Moreau, is said to have been published in 1807; and I have no doubt that this is correct, because the ‘Notice sur Lavater’ at the commencement of volume i. is dated April 13, 1806. In some bibliographical works, however, the date of 1805—1809 is given, but it seems impossible that 1805 can be correct. Dr. Duchenne remarks (‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’-8vo edit. 1862, p. 5, and ‘Archives Générales de Médecine,’ Jan. et Fév. 1862) that M. Moreau “a composé pour son ouvrage un article important,” &c., in the year 1805; and I find in volume i. of the edition of 1820 passages bearing the dates of December 12, 1805, and another January 5, 1806, besides that of April 13, 1806, above referred to. In consequence of some of these passages having thus been composed in 1805, Dr. Duchenne assigns to M. Moreau the priority over Sir C. Bell, whose work, as we have seen, was published in 1806. This is a very unusual manner of determining the priority of scientific works; but such questions are of extremely little importance in comparison with their relative merits. The passages above quoted from M. Moreau and from Le Brun are taken in this and all other cases from the edition of 1820 of Lavater, tom. iv. p. 228, and tom. ix. p. 279.] 7 (return) [ ‘Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen.’ Band I. Dritte Abtheilung, 1858.] 8 (return) [ ‘The Senses and the Intellect,’ 2nd edit. 1864, pp. 96 and 288. The preface to the first edition of this work is dated June, 1855. See also the 2nd edition of Mr. Bain’s work on the ‘Emotions and Will.’] 9 (return) [ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. p. 121.] 10 (return) [ ‘Essays, Scientific, Political, and Speculative,’ Second Series, 1863, p. 111. There is a discussion on Laughter in the First Series of Essays, which discussion seems to me of very inferior value.] 11 (return) [ Since the publication of the essay just referred to, Mr. Spencer has written another, on “Morals and Moral Sentiments,” in the ‘Fortnightly Review,’ April 1, 1871, p. 426. He has, also, now published his final conclusions in vol. ii. of the second edit. of the ‘Principles of Psychology,’ 1872, p. 539. I may state, in order that I may not be accused of trespassing on Mr. Spencer’s domain, that I announced in my ‘Descent of Man,’ that I had then written a part of the present volume: my first MS. notes on the subject of expression bear the date of the year 1838.] 12 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. pp. 98, 121, 131.] 13 (return) [ Professor Owen expressly states (Proc. Zoolog. Soc. 1830, p. 28) that this is the case with respect to the Orang, and specifies all the more important muscles which are well known to serve with man for the expression of his feelings. See, also, a description of several of the facial muscles in the Chimpanzee, by Prof. Macalister, in ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’ vol. vii. May, 1871, p. 342.] 14 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ pp. 121, 138.] 15 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 12, 73.] 16 (return) [ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ 8vo edit. p. 31.] 17 (return) [ ‘Elements of Physiology,’ English translation, vol. ii. p. 934.] 18 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. p. 198.] 19 (return) [ See remarks to this effect in Lessing’s ‘Lacooon,’ translated by W. Ross, 1836, p. 19.] 20 (return) [ Mr. Partridge in Todd’s ‘Cyclopædia of Anatomy and Physiology,’ vol. ii. p. 227.] 21 (return) [ ‘La Physionomie,’ par G. Lavater, tom. iv. 1820, p. 274. On the number of the facial muscles, see vol. iv. pp. 209-211.] 22 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 91.] 101 (return) [ Mr. Herbert Spencer (‘Essays,’ Second Series, 1863, p. 138) has drawn a clear distinction between emotions and sensations, the latter being “generated in our corporeal framework.” He classes as Feelings both emotions and-sensations.] 102 (return) [ Müller, ‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 939. See also Mr. H. Spencer’s interesting speculations on the same subject, and on the genesis of nerves, in his ‘Principles of Biology,’ vol. ii. p. 346; and in his ‘Principles of Psychology,’ 2nd edit. pp. 511-557.] 103 (return) [ A remark to much the same effect was made long ago by Hippocrates and by the illustrious Harvey; for both assert that a young animal forgets in the course of a few days the art of sucking, and cannot without some difficulty again acquire it. I give these assertions on the authority of Dr. Darwin, ‘Zoonomia,’ 1794, vol. i. p. 140.] 104 (return) [ See for my authorities, and for various analogous facts, ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ 1868, vol. ii. p. 304.] 105 (return) [ ‘The Senses and the Intellect,’ 2nd edit. 1864, p. 332. Prof. Huxley remarks (‘Elementary Lessons in Physiology,’ 5th edit. 1872, p. 306), “It may be laid down as a rule, that, if any two mental states be called up together, or in succession, with due frequency and vividness, the subsequent production of the one of them will suffice to call up the other, and that whether we desire it or not.”] 106 (return) [ Gratiolet (‘De la Physionomie,’ p. 324), in his discussion on this subject, gives many analogous instances. See p. 42, on the opening and shutting of the eyes. Engel is quoted (p. 323) on the changed paces of a man, as his thoughts change.] 107 (return) [ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ 1862, p. 17.] 108 (return) [ ‘The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 6. The inheritance of habitual gestures is so important for us, that I gladly avail myself of Mr. F. Galton’s permission to give in his own words the following remarkable case:—“The following account of a habit occurring in individuals of three consecutive generations {footnote continues:} is of peculiar interest, because it occurs only during sound sleep, and therefore cannot be due to imitation, but must be altogether natural. The particulars are perfectly trustworthy, for I have enquired fully into them, and speak from abundant and independent evidence. A gentleman of considerable position was found by his wife to have the curious trick, when he lay fast asleep on his back in bed, of raising his right arm slowly in front of his face, up to his forehead, and then dropping it with a jerk, so that the wrist fell heavily on the bridge of his nose. The trick did not occur every night, but occasionally, and was independent of any ascertained cause. Sometimes it was repeated incessantly for an hour or more. The gentleman’s nose was prominent, and its bridge often became sore from the blows which it received. At one time an awkward sore was produced, that was long in healing, on account of the recurrence, night after night, of the blows which first caused it. His wife had to remove the button from the wrist of his night-gown as it made severe scratches, and some means were attempted of tying his arm. “Many years after his death, his son married a lady who had never heard of the family incident. She, however, observed precisely the same peculiarity in her husband; but his nose, from not being particularly prominent, has never as yet suffered from the blows. The trick does not occur when he is half-asleep, as, for example, when dozing in his arm-chair, but the moment he is fast asleep it is apt to begin. It is, as with his father, intermittent; sometimes ceasing for many nights, and sometimes almost incessant during a part of every night. It is performed, as it was by his father, with his right hand. “One of his children, a girl, has inherited the same trick. She performs it, likewise, with the right hand, but in a slightly modified form; for, after raising the arm, she does not allow the wrist to drop upon the bridge of the nose, but the palm of the half-closed hand falls over and down the nose, striking it rather rapidly. It is also very intermittent with this child, not occurring for periods of some months, but sometimes occurring almost incessantly.”] 109 (return) [ Prof. Huxley remarks (‘Elementary Physiology,’ 5th edit. p. 305) that reflex actions proper to the spinal cord are natural; but, by the help of the brain, that is through habit, an infinity of artificial reflex actions may be acquired. Virchow admits (‘Sammlung wissenschaft. Vorträge,’ &c., “Ueber das Rückenmark,” 1871, ss. 24, 31) that some reflex actions can hardly be distinguished from instincts; and, of the latter, it may be added, some cannot be distinguished from inherited habits.] 110 (return) [ Dr. Maudsley, ‘Body and Mind,’ 1870, p. 8.] 111 (return) [ See the very interesting discussion on the whole subject by Claude Bernard, ‘Tissus Vivants,’ 1866, p. 353-356.] 112 (return) [ ‘Chapters on Mental Physiology,’ 1858, p. 85.] 113 (return) [ Müller remarks (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. tr. vol. ii. p. 1311) on starting being always accompanied by the closure of the eyelids.] 114 (return) [ Dr. Maudsley remarks (‘Body and Mind,’ p. 10) that “reflex movements which commonly effect a useful end may, under the changed circumstances of disease, do great mischief, becoming even the occasion of violent suffering and of a most painful death.”] 115 (return) [ See Mr. F. H. Salvin’s account of a tame jackal in ‘Land and Water,’ October, 1869.] 116 (return) [ “Dr. Darwin, ‘Zoonomia,’ 1794, vol. i. p. 160. I find that the fact of cats protruding their feet when pleased is also noticed (p. 151) in this work.] 117 (return) [ Carpenter, ‘Principles of Comparative Physiology,’ 1854, p. 690, and Müller’s ‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 936.] 118 (return) [ Mowbray on ‘Poultry,’ 6th edit. 1830, p. 54.] 119 (return) [ See the account given by this excellent observer in ‘Wild Sports of the Highlands,’ 1846, p. 142.] 120 (return) [ ‘Philosophical Translations,’ 1823, p. 182.] 201 (return) [ ‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 55.] 202 (return) [ Mr. Tylor gives an account of the Cistercian gesture-language in his ‘Early History of Mankind’ (2nd edit. 1870, p. 40), and makes some remarks on the principle of opposition in gestures.] 203 (return) [ See on this subject Dr. W. R. Scott’s interesting work, ‘The Deaf and Dumb,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 12. He says, “This contracting of natural gestures into much shorter gestures than the natural expression requires, is very common amongst the deaf and dumb. This contracted gesture is frequently so shortened as nearly to lose all semblance of the natural one, but to the deaf and dumb who use it, it still has the force of the original expression.”] 301 (return) [ See the interesting cases collected by M. G. Pouchet in the ‘Revue des Deux Mondes,’ January 1, 1872, p. 79. An instance was also brought some years ago before the British Association at Belfast.] 302 (return) [ Müller remarks (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 934) that when the feelings are very intense, “all the spinal nerves become affected to the extent of imperfect paralysis, or the excitement of trembling of the whole body.”] 303 (return) [ ‘Leçons sur les Prop. des Tissus Vivants,’ 1866, pp. 457-466.] 304 (return) [ Mr. Bartlett, “Notes on the Birth of a Hippopotamus,” Proc. Zoolog. Soc. 1871, p. 255.] 305 (return) [ See, on this subject, Claude Bernard, ‘Tissus Vivants,’ 1866, pp. 316, 337, 358. Virchow expresses himself to almost exactly the same effect in his essay “Ueber das Rückenmark” (Sammlung wissenschaft. Vorträge, 1871, s. 28).] 306 (return) [ Müller (‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 932) in speaking of the nerves, says, “any sudden change of condition of whatever kind sets the nervous principle into action.” See Virchow and Bernard on the same subject in passages in the two works referred to in my last foot-note.] 307 (return) [ H. Spencer, ‘Essays, Scientific, Political,’ &c., Second Series, 1863, pp. 109, 111.] 308 (return) [ Sir H. Holland, in speaking (‘Medical Notes and Reflexions,’ 1839, p. 328) of that curious state of body called the fidgets, remarks that it seems due to “an accumulation of some cause of irritation which requires muscular action for its