The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

the higher mortality of males in Scotland. Starling, American field-, pugnacity of male. Starling, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female. Starlings, three, frequenting the same nest; new mates found by. Statues, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, etc., contrasted. Stature, dependence of, upon local influences. Staudinger, Dr., on breeding Lepidoptera; his list of Lepidoptera. Staunton, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue. Stealing of bright objects by birds. Stebbing, T.R., on the nakedness of the human body. Stemmatopus. Stendhal, see Bombet. Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulation. Stephen, Mr. L., on the difference in the minds of men and animals; on general concepts in animals; distinction between material and formal morality. Sterility, general, of sole daughters; when crossed, a distinctive character of species; under changed conditions. Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in. Stickleback, polygamous; male, courtship of the; male, brilliant colouring of, during the breeding season; nidification of the. Sticks used as implements and weapons by monkeys. Sting in bees. Stokes, Captain, on the habits of the great bower-bird. Stoliczka, Dr., on colours in snakes. Stoliczka, on the pre-anal pores of lizards. Stonechat, young of the. Stone implements, difficulty of making; as traces of extinct tribes. Stones, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles; piles of. Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the; red beak of the. Storks, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of. Strange, Mr., on the satin bowerbird. Strepsiceros kudu, horns of; markings of. Stretch, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens. Stridulation, by males of Theridion; of Hemiptera; of the Orthoptera and Homoptera discussed; of beetles. Stripes, retained throughout groups of birds; disappearance of, in adult mammals. Strix flammea. Structure, existence of unserviceable modifications of. Struggle for existence, in man. Struthers, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man. Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male. Sturnus vulgaris. Sub-species. Suffering, in strangers, indifference of savages to. Suicide, formerly not regarded as a crime; rarely practised among the lowest savages. Suidae, stripes of the young. Sulivan, Sir B.J., on speaking of parrots; on two stallions attacking a third. Sumatra, compression of the nose by the Malays of. Sumner, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement. Sun-birds, nidification of. Superciliary ridge in man. Supernumerary digits, more frequent in men than in women; inheritance of; early development of. Superstitions, prevalence of. Superstitious customs. Supra-condyloid foramen in the early progenitors of man. Suspicion, prevalence of, among animals. Swallow-tail butterfly. Swallows deserting their young. Swan, black, wild, trachea of the; white, young of; red beak of the; black-necked. Swans, young. Swaysland, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds. Swifts, migration of. Swinhoe, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China; behaviour of lizards when caught; on the sounds produced by the male hoopoe; on Dicrurus macrocercus and the spoonbill; on the young of Ardeola; on the habits of Turnix; on the habits of Rhynchaea bengalensis; on Orioles breeding in immature plumage. Sylvia atricapilla, young of. Sylvia cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male. Sympathy, among animals; its supposed basis. Sympathies, gradual widening of. Syngnathous fishes, abdominal pouch in male. Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male; ear-tufts of. Tabanidae, habits of. Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of. Tadorna vulpanser. Tahitians, compression of the nose by the. Tail, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man; convoluted body in the extremity of the; absence of, in man and the higher apes; variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons; presence of, in the early progenitors of man; length of, in pheasants; difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds. Tait, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations. Tanager, scarlet, variation in the male. Tanagra aestiva, age of mature plumage in. Tanagra rubra, young of. Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of; relations of the sexes in; dimorphic males of a species of. Tankerville, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls. Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males. Tanysiptera sylvia, long tail-feathers of. Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male. Tapirs, longitudinal stripes of young. Tarsi, dilatation of front, in male beetles. Tarsius. Tasmania, half-castes killed by the natives of. Tasmanians, extinction of. Taste, in the Quadrumana. Tattooing, universality of. Taylor, G., on Quiscalus major. Taylor, Rev. R., on tattooing in New Zealand. Tea, fondness of monkeys for. Teal, constancy of. Tear-sacs, of Ruminants. Teebay, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburg fowls. Teeth, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants; posterior molar, in man; wisdom; diversity of; canine, in the early progenitors of man; canine, of male mammals; in man, reduced by correlation; staining of the; front, knocked out or filed by some savages. Tegetmeier, Mr., on the transmission of colours in pigeons by one sex alone; numerical proportion of male and female births in dogs; on the abundance of male pigeons; on the wattles of game-cocks; on the courtship of fowls; on the loves of pigeons; on dyed pigeons; blue dragon pigeons. Tembeta, S. American ornament. Temper, in dogs and horses, inherited. Tench, proportions of the sexes in the; brightness of male, during breeding season. Tenebrionidae, stridulation of. Tennent, Sir J.E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant; on the frequent absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon; on the Chinese opinion of the aspect of the Cingalese. Tennyson, A., on the control of thought. Tenthredinidae, proportions of the sexes in; fighting habits of male; difference of the sexes in. Tephrodornis, young of. Terai, in India. Termites, habits of. Terns, white; and black. Terns, seasonal change of plumage in. Terror, common action of, upon the lower animals and man. Testudo elegans. Testudo nigra. Tetrao cupido, battles of; sexual difference in the vocal organs of. Tetrao phasianellus, dances of; duration of dances of. Tetrao scoticus. Tetrao tetrix, pugnacity of the male. Tetrao umbellus, pairing of; battles of; drumming of the male. Tetrao urogalloides, dances of. Tetrao urogallus, pugnacity of the male. Tetrao urophasianus, inflation of the oesophagus in the male. Thamnobia, young of. Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of. Thecla rubi, protective colouring of. Thecophora fovea. Theognis, selection in mankind. Theridion, stridulation of males of. Theridion lineatum. Thomisus citreus, and Thomisus floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of. Thompson, J.H., on the battles of sperm-whales. Thompson, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season; on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula chloropus; on the finding of new mates by magpies; on the finding of new mates by Peregrine falcons. Thorax, processes of, in male beetles. Thorell, T., on the proportion of sexes in spiders. Thornback, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the. Thoughts, control of. Thrush, pairing with a blackbird; colours and nidification of the. Thrushes, characters of young. Thug, remorse of a. Thumb, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates. Thury, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews. Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sac by the male. Thysanura. Tibia, dilated, of the male Crabro cribrarius. Tibia and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians. Tierra del Fuego, marriage-customs of. Tiger, colours and markings of the. Tigers, depopulation of districts by, in India. Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of. Timidity, variability of, in the same species. Tinca vulgaris. Tipula, pugnacity of male. Tits, sexual difference of colour in. Toads, male, treatment of ova by some; male, ready to breed before the female. Todas, infanticide and proportion of sexes; practice polyandry; choice of husbands amongst. Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo. Tomicus villosus, proportion of the sexes in. Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the. Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of. Tooke, Horne, on language. Tools, flint; used by monkeys; use of. Topknots in birds. Tortoise, voice of the male. Tortures, submitted to by American savages. Totanus, double moult in. Toucans, colours and nidification of the; beaks and ceres of the. Towns, residence in, a cause of diminished stature. Toynbee, J., on the external shell of the ear in man. Trachea, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds; structure of the, in Rhynchaea. Trades, affecting the form of the skull. Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in. Tragelaphus scriptus, dorsal crest of; markings of. Tragopan, swelling of the wattles of the male, during courtship; display of plumage by the male; marking of the sexes of the. Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of. Training, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man. Transfer of male characters to female birds. Transmission, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals. Traps, avoidance of, by animals; use of. Treachery, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages. Tremex columbae. Tribes, extinct; extinction of. Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of. Trigla. Trigonocephalus, noise made by tail of. Trimen, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies; on the attraction of males by the female Lasiocampa quercus; on Pneumora; on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles; on moths brilliantly coloured beneath; on mimicry in butterflies; on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera; on Cyllo Leda. Tringa, sexes and young of. Tringa cornuta. Triphaena, coloration of the species of. Tristram, H.B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa; on the habits of the chaffinch in Palestine; on the birds of the Sahara; on the animals inhabiting the Sahara. Triton cristatus. Triton palmipes. Triton punctatus. Troglodyte skulls, greater than those of modern Frenchmen. Troglodytes vulgaris. Trogons, colours and nidification of the. Tropic-birds, white only when mature. Tropics, freshwater fishes of the. Trout, proportion of the sexes in; male, pugnacity of the. Trox sabulosus, stridulation of. Truth, not rare between members of the same tribe; more highly appreciated by certain tribes. Tulloch, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers. Tumbler, almond, change of plumage in the. Turdus merula, young of. Turdus migratorius. Turdus musicus. Turdus polyglottus, young of. Turdus torquatus. Turkey, wild, pugnacity of young male; wild, notes of the; swelling of the wattles of the male; variety of, with a top-knot; recognition of a dog by a; male, wild, acceptable to domesticated females; wild, first advances made by older females; wild, breast-tuft of bristles of the. Turkey-cock, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground; wild, display of plumage by; fighting habits of. Turner, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus; on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus; on muscles attached to the coccyx in man; on the filum terminale in man; on the variability of the muscles; on abnormal conditions of the human uterus; on the development of the mammary glands; on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths; on the external perpendicular fissure of the brain; on the bridging convolutions in the brain of a chimpanzee. Turnix, sexes of some species of. Turtle-dove, cooing of the. Tuttle, H., on the number of species of man. Tylor, E.B., on emotional cries, gestures, etc., of man; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies; remorse for violation of tribal usage in marrying; on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations; on the origin of counting; inventions of savages; on resemblances, of the mental characters in different races of man. Type of structure, prevalence of. Typhaeus, stridulating organs of; stridulation of. Twins, tendency to produce, hereditary. Twite, proportion of the sexes in. Ugliness, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals. Umbrella-bird. Umbrina, sounds produced by. United States, rate of increase in; influence of natural selection on the progress of; change undergone by Europeans in the. Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male. Uraniidae, coloration of the. Uria troile, variety of (=U. lacrymans). Urodela. Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in. Use and disuse of parts, effects of; influence of, on the races of man. Uterus, reversion in the; more or less divided, in the human subject; double, in the early progenitors of man. Vaccination,