The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex

the prehensile power of the feet by; imitative faculties of; causes of low morality of; tribes of, supplanting one another; improvements in the arts among; arts of; fondness of, for rough music; on long-enduring fashions among; attention paid by, to personal appearance; relation of the sexes among. Saviotti, Dr., division of malar bone. Saw-fly, pugnacity of a male. Saw-flies, proportions of the sexes in. Saxicola rubicola, young of. Scalp, motion of the. Scent-glands in snakes. Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man; on the jaw from La Naulette; on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges; on the mastoid processes of man; on modifications of the cranial bones; on human sacrifices; on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes; on the ancient inhabitants of Europe; on the effects of use and disuse of parts; on the superciliary ridge in man; on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man; on ugliness. Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus. Scherzer and Schwarz, measurements of savages. Schelver, on dragon-flies. Schiodte, on the stridulation of Heterocerus. Schlegel, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples. Schlegel, Prof., on Tanysiptera. Schleicher, Prof, on the origin of language. Schomburgk, Sir R., on the pugnacity of the male musk-duck of Guiana; on the courtship of Rupicola crocea. Schoolcraft, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements. Schopenhauer, on importance of courtship to mankind. Schweinfurth, complexion of negroes. Sciaena aquila. Sclater, P.L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra; on elongated feathers in nightjars; on the species of Chasmorhynchus; on the plumage of Pelecanus onocrotalus; on the plantain-eaters; on the sexes and young of Tadorna variegata; on the colours of Lemur macaco; on the stripes in asses. Scolecida, absence of secondary sexual characters in. Scolopax frenata, tail feathers of; Scolopax gallinago, drumming of. Scolopax javensis, tail-feathers of. Scolopax major, assemblies of. Scolopax Wilsonii, sound produced by. Scolytus, stridulation of. Scoter-duck, black, sexual difference in coloration of the; bright beak of male. Scott, Dr., on idiots smelling their food. Scott, J., on the colour of the beard in man. Scrope, on the pugnacity of the male salmon; on the battles of stags. Scudder, S.H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera; on the stridulation of the Acridiidae; on a Devonian insect; on stridulation. Sculpture, expression of the ideal of beauty by. Sea-anemones, bright colours of. Sea-bear, polygamous. Sea-elephant, male, structure of the nose of the; polygamous. Sea-lion, polygamous. Seal, bladder-nose. Seals, their sentinels generally females; evidence furnished by, on classification; polygamous habits of; battles of male; canine teeth of male; sexual differences; pairing of; sexual peculiarities of; in the coloration of; appreciation of music by. Sea-scorpion, sexual differences in. Season, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the; changes of plumage of birds in relation to. Seasons, inheritance at corresponding. Sebituani, African chief, trying to alter a fashion. Sebright Bantam. Secondary sexual characters; relations of polygamy to; transmitted through both sexes; gradation of, in birds. Sedgwick, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins. Seemann, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples; on the effects of music. Seidlitz, on horns of reindeer. Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male. Selby, P.J., on the habits of the black and red grouse. Selection as applied to primeval man. Selection, double. Selection, injurious forms of, in civilised nations. Selection of male by female birds. Selection, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers. Selection, sexual, explanation of; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera. Selection, sexual and natural, contrasted. Self-command, habit of, inherited; estimation of. Self-consciousness, in animals. Self-preservation, instinct of. Self-sacrifice, by savages; estimation of. Semilunar fold. Semnopithecus, long hair on the heads of species of. Semnopithecus chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in. Semnopithecus comatus, ornamental hair on the head of. Semnopithecus frontatus, beard etc., of. Semnopithecus nasica, nose of. Semnopithecus nemaeus, colouring of. Semnopithecus rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of. Senses, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the. Sentinels, among animals. Serpents, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys. Serranus, hermaphroditism in. Setina, noise produced by. Sex, inheritance limited by. Sexes, relative proportions of, in man; proportions of, sometimes influenced by selection; probable relation of the, in primeval man. Sexual and natural selection, contrasted. Sexual characters, effects of the loss of; limitation of. Sexual characters, secondary; relations of polygamy to; transmitted through both sexes; gradation of, in birds. Sexual differences in man. Sexual selection, explanation of; influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera; objections to; action of, in mankind. Sexual selection in spiders. Sexual selection, supplemental note on. Sexual similarity. Shaler, Prof., sizes of sexes in whales. Shame. Sharks, prehensile organs of male. Sharpe, Dr., Europeans in the tropics. Sharpe, R.B., on Tanysiptera sylvia; on Ceryle; on the young male of Dacelo Gaudi-chaudi. Shaw, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon. Shaw, J., on the decorations of birds. Sheep, danger-signals of; sexual differences in the horns of; horns of; domestic, sexual differences of, late developed; numerical proportion of the sexes in; inheritance of horns by one sex; effect of castration; mode of fighting of; arched foreheads of some. Sheep, Merino, loss of horns in females of; horns of. Shells, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda; beautiful colours and shapes of. Shield-drake, pairing with a common duck; New Zealand, sexes and young of. Shooter, J., on the Kaffirs; on the marriage-customs of the Kaffirs. Shrew-mice, odour of. Shrike, Drongo. Shrikes, characters of young. Shuckard, W.E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera. Shyness of adorned male birds; Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in; dimorphism in males of. Siam, proportion of male and female births in. Siamese, general beardlessness of the; notions of beauty of the; hairy family of. Sidgwick, H., on morality in hypothetical bee community; our actions not entirely directed by pain and pleasure. Siebold, C.T., von, on the proportion of sexes in the Apus; on the auditory apparatus of the stridulent Orthoptera. Sight, inheritance of long and short. Signal-cries of monkeys. Silk-moth, proportion of the sexes in; Ailanthus, Prof. Canestrini, on the destruction of its larvae by wasps; difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the; pairing of the. Simiadae, their origin and divisions. Similarity, sexual. Singing of the Cicadae and Fulgoridae; of tree-frogs; of birds, object of the. Sirenia, nakedness of. Sirex juvencus. Siricidae, difference of the sexes in. Siskin, pairing with a canary. Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of. Size, relative, of the sexes of insects. Skin, dark colour of, a protection against heat. Skin, movement of the; nakedness of, in man; colour of the. Skin and hair, correlation of colour of. Skull, variation of, in man; cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect; Neanderthal, capacity of the; causes of modification of the; difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men; variability of the shape of the; differences of, in the sexes in man; artificial modification of the shape of. Skunk, odour emitted by the; white tail of, protective. Slavery, prevalence of; of women. Slaves, difference between field-and house-slaves. Sloth, ornaments of male. Smell, sense of, in man and animals. Smith, Adam, on the basis of sympathy. Smith, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali; on revenge by a baboon; on an instance of memory in a baboon; on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa; on the polygamy of the South African antelopes; on the polygamy of the lion; on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus; on Bucephalus capensis; on South African lizards; on fighting gnus; on the horns of rhinoceroses; on the fighting of lions; on the colours of the Cape Eland; on the colours of the gnu; on Hottentot notions of beauty; disbelief in communistic marriages. Smith, F., on the Cynipidae and Tenthredinidae; on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera; on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees; on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus; on the stridulation of Mononychus pseudacori. Smynthurus luteus, courtship of. Snakes, sexual differences of; mental powers of; male, ardency of. “Snarling muscles.” Snipe, drumming of the; coloration of the. Snipe, painted, sexes and young of. Snipe, solitary, assemblies of. Snipes, arrival of male before the female; pugnacity of male; double moult in. Snow-goose, whiteness of the. Sociability, the sense of duty connected with; impulse to, in animals; manifestations of, in man; instinct of, in animals. Social animals, affection of, for each other; defence of, by the males. Sociality, probable, of primeval men; influence of, on the development of the intellectual faculties; origin of, in man. Soldiers, American, measurements of. Soldiers and sailors, difference in the proportions of. Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sac of the females of. Song, of male birds appreciated by their females; want of, in brilliant plumaged birds; of birds. Sorex, odour of. Sounds, admired alike by man and animals; produced by fishes; produced by male frogs and toads; instrumentally produced by birds. Spain, decadence of. Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of. Sparrow, pugnacity of the male; acquisition of the Linnet’s song by a; coloration of the; immature plumage of the. Sparrow, white-crowned, young of the. Sparrows, house-and tree-. Sparrows, new mates found by. Sparrows, sexes and young of; learning to sing. Spathura Underwoodi. Spawning of fishes. Spear, used before dispersion of man. Species, causes of the advancement of; distinctive characters of; or races of man; sterility and fertility of, when crossed; supposed, of man; gradation of; difficulty of defining; representative, of birds; of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct. Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of. Speech, connection between the brain and the faculty of; connection of intonation with music. Spel, of the black-cock. Spencer, Herbert, on the influence of food on the size of the jaws; on the dawn of intelligence; on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies; on the origin of the moral sense; on music. Spengel, disagrees with explanation of man’s hairlessness. Sperm-whales, battles of male. Sphingidae, coloration of the. Sphinx, Humming-bird. Sphinx, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a. Sphinx moth, musky odour of. Spiders, parental feeling in; male, more active than female; proportion of the sexes in; secondary sexual characters of; courtship of male; attracted by music; male, small size of. Spilosoma menthastri, rejected by turkeys. Spine, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man. Spirits, fondness of monkeys for. Spiritual agencies, belief in, almost universal. Spiza cyanea and ciris. Spoonbill, Chinese, change of plumage in. Spots, retained throughout groups of birds; disappearance of, in adult mammals. Sprengel, C.K., on the sexuality of plants. Springboc, horns of the. Sproat, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island; on the eradication of facial hair by the natives of Vancouver Island; on the eradication of the beard by the Indians of Vancouver Island. Spurs, occurrence of, in female fowls; development of, in various species of Phasianidae; of Gallinaceous birds; development of, in female Gallinaceae. Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of. Squirrels, battles of male; African, sexual differences in the colouring of; black. Stag, long hairs of the throat of; horns of the; battles of; horns of the, with numerous branches; bellowing of the; crest of the. Stag-beetle, numerical proportion of sexes of; use of jaws; large size of male; weapons of the male. Stainton, H.T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths; habits of Elachista rufocinerea; on the coloration of moths; on the rejection of Spilosoma menthastri by turkeys; on the sexes of Agrotis exclamationis. Staley, Bishop, mortality of infant Maories. Stallion, mane of the. Stallions, two, attacking a third; fighting; small canine teeth of. Stansbury, Captain, observations on pelicans. Staphylinidae, hornlike processes in male. Starfishes, parental feeling in; bright colours of some. Stark, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts; on the influence of marriage on mortality; on