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Section 3 of 22
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Page 1 of 3
CHAPTER III
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Chapter 3 — CHAPTER III
Central question
How does the book introduce Bojanus and the world of commerce?
Main argument
Gumbril visits the bootmaker and encounters a world where practical craft and social pretension...
AI Summary
Antic Hay
Section 3 of 22
Chapter 3 — CHAPTER III
Central question
How does the book introduce Bojanus and the world of commerce?
Main argument
Gumbril visits the bootmaker and encounters a world where practical craft and social pretension rub against each other. The scene sets up the Patent Small-Clothes scheme that will later unify invention, style, and business. Huxley shows modern commerce as a site of ideas as much as goods.
Key ideas
Trade is never purely practical here.
Innovation is inseparable from vanity.
Gumbril is drawn to schemes more than labor.
Key takeaway
The novel’s business plots are also intellectual performances.
“
Mister Gumbril!”
Surprise was mingled with delight . “
This is indeed a
pleasure !”
Delight was now the prevailing emotion expressed by the voice
that advanced ,
as yet without a visible source ,
from the dark recesses
of the shop .
“
The pleasure ,
Mr . Bojanus,
is mine .” Gumbril
closed the shop door
behind him .
A very small man ,
dressed in a frock-coat,
popped out from a canyon that
opened ,
a mere black crevice ,
between two stratified precipices of
mid-season
suitings ,
and advancing into the open space before the door
bowed with an old-world
grace ,
revealing a nacreous scalp thinly mantled
with long damp creepers of brown hair .
“
And to what ,
may I ask ,
do I owe this pleasure ,
sir ?”
Mr . Bojanus
looked up archly with a sideways cock of his head that tilted the rigid
points of his waxed moustache .
The fingers of his right hand were thrust
into the bosom of his frock-coat
and his toes were turned out in the
dancing-master’s
First Position . “
A light spring great-coat ,
is it ?
Or a
new suit ?
I notice ,”
his eye travelled professionally up and down
Gumbril’s
long ,
thin form , “
I notice that the garments you are wearing
at present ,
Mr . Gumbril,
look —
how shall I say ?—
well ,
a trifle negleejay ,
as the French would put it ,
a trifle negleejay .”
Gumbril
looked down at himself .
He resented Mr . Bojanus’s
negleejay ,
he
was pained and wounded by the aspersion .
Negleejay ?
And he had fancied
that he really looked rather elegant and distinguished (
but ,
after all ,
he always looked that ,
even in rags )—
no ,
that he looked positively neat ,
like Mr . Porteous,
positively soldierly in his black jacket and his
musical comedy trousers and his patent leather shoes .
And the black felt
hat —
didn’t that just add the foreign ,
the Southern touch which saved the
whole composition from banality ?
He regarded himself ,
trying to see his
clothes —
garments ,
Mr . Bojanus
had called them ;
garments ,
good
Lord !—
through the tailor’s expert eyes .
There were sagging folds about
the overloaded pockets ,
there was a stain on his waistcoat ,
the knees of
his trousers were baggy and puckered like the bare knees of Hélène
Fourmont
in Rubens’s fur-coat
portrait at Vienna.
Yes ,
it was all
horribly negleejay .
He felt depressed ;
but looking at Mr . Bojanus’s
studied and professional correctness ,
he was a little comforted .
That
frock-coat,
for example .
It was like something in a very modern
picture —
such a smooth ,
unwrinkled cylinder about the chest ,
such a sense
of pure and abstract conic-ness in the sleekly rounded skirts !
Nothing
could have been less negleejay .
He was reassured .
“
I want you ,”
he said at last ,
clearing his throat importantly , “
to make
me a pair of trousers to a novel specification of my own .
It’s a new
idea .”
And he gave a brief description of Gumbril’s
Patent Small
Clothes .
Mr . Bojanus
listened with attention .
“
I can make them for you ,”
he said ,
when the description was finished .
“
I can make them for you —
if you _
really _
wish ,
Mr . Gumbril,”
he added .
“
Thank you ,”
said Gumbril.
“
And do you intend ,
may I ask ,
Mr . Gumbril,
to _
wear _
these ...
these
garments ?”
Guiltily , Gumbril
denied himself . “
Only to demonstrate the idea ,
Mr .
Bojanus.
I am exploiting the invention commercially ,
you see .”
“
Commercially ?
I see ,
Mr . Gumbril.”
“
Perhaps you would like a share ,”
suggested Gumbril.
Mr . Bojanus
shook his head . “
It wouldn’t do for my cleeantail ,
I fear ,
Mr . Gumbril.
You could ’
ardly expect the Best People to wear such
things .”
“
Couldn’t you ?”
Mr . Bojanus
went on shaking his head . “
I know them ,”
he said , “
I know
the Best People .
Well .”
And he added with an irrelevance that was ,
perhaps ,
only apparent , “
Between ourselves ,
Mr . Gumbril,
I am a great
admirer of Lenin....”
“
So am I ,”
said Gumbril, “
theoretically .
But then I have so little to
lose to Lenin.
I can afford to admire him .
But you ,
Mr . Bojanus,
you ,
the prosperous bourgeois —
oh ,
purely in the economic sense of the word ,
Mr . Bojanus....”
Mr . Bojanus
accepted the explanation with one of his old-world
bows .
“...
you would be among the first to suffer if an English Lenin
were to
start his activities here .”
“
There ,
Mr . Gumbril,
if I may be allowed to say so ,
you are wrong .”
Mr .
Bojanus
removed his hand from his bosom and employed it to emphasize the
points of his discourse . “
When the revolution comes ,
Mr . Gumbril—
the
great and necessary revolution ,
as Alderman Beckford
called it —
it won’t
be the owning of a little money that’ll get a man into trouble .
It’ll be
his class-habits,
Mr . Gumbril,
his class-speech,
his class-education.
It’ll be Shibboleth all over again ,
Mr . Gumbril;
mark my words .
The Red
Guards will stop people in the street and ask them to say some such word
as ‘
towel .’
If they call it ‘
towel ,’
like you and your friends ,
Mr .
Gumbril,
why then ....”
Mr . Bojanus
went through the gestures of pointing
a rifle and pulling the trigger ;
he clicked his tongue against his teeth
to symbolize the report .... “
That’ll be the end of them .
But if they say
‘
tèaul ,’
like the rest of us ,
Mr . Gumbril,
it’ll be : ‘
Pass Friend and
Long Live the Proletariat .’
Long live Tèaul .”
“
I’m afraid you may be right ,”
said Gumbril.
“
I’m convinced of it ,”
said Mr . Bojanus. “
It’s my clients ,
Mr . Gumbril,
it’s the Best People that the other people resent .
It’s their
confidence ,
their ease ,
it’s the habit their money and their position
give them of ordering people about ,
it’s the way they take their place
in the world for granted ,
it’s their prestige ,
which the other people
would like to deny ,
but can’t —
it’s all that ,
Mr . Gumbril,
that’s so
galling .”
Gumbril
nodded .
He himself had envied his securer friends their power of
ignoring the humanity of those who were not of their class .
To do that
really well ,
one must always have lived in a large house full of
clockwork servants ;
one must never have been short of money ,
never at a
restaurant ordered the cheaper thing instead of the more delicious ;
one
must never have regarded a policeman as anything but one’s paid defender
against the lower orders ,
never for a moment have doubted one’s divine
right to do ,
within the accepted limits ,
exactly what one liked without
a further thought to anything or any one but oneself and one’s own
enjoyment . Gumbril
had been brought up among these blessed beings ;
but
he was not one of them .
Alas ?
or fortunately ?
He hardly knew which .
“
And what good do you expect the revolution to do ,
Mr . Bojanus?”
he
asked at last .
Mr . Bojanus
replaced his hand in his bosom . “
None whatever ,
Mr .
Gumbril,”
he said . “
None whatever .”
“
But Liberty ,” Gumbril
suggested , “
equality and all that .
What about
those ,
Mr . Bojanus?”
Mr . Bojanus
smiled up at him tolerantly and kindly ,
as he might have
smiled at some one who had suggested ,
shall we say ,
that evening
trousers should be turned up at the bottom . “
Liberty ,
Mr . Gumbril?”
he
said ; “
you don’t suppose any serious-minded
person imagines a revolution
is going to bring liberty ,
do you ?”
“
The people who make the revolution always seem to ask for liberty .”
“
But do they ever get it ,
Mr . Gumbril?”
Mr . Bojanus
cocked his head
playfully and smiled . “
Look at ’
istory ,
Mr . Gumbril,
look at ’
istory .
First it’s the French Revolution .
They ask for political liberty .
And
they gets it .
Then comes the Reform Bill ,
then Forty-Eight,
then all the
Franchise Acts and Votes for Women —
always more and more political
liberty .
And what’s the result ,
Mr . Gumbril?
Nothing at all .
Who’s freer
for political liberty ?
Not a soul ,
Mr . Gumbril.
There was never a
greater swindle ’
atched in the ’
ole of ’
istory .
And when you think ’
ow
those poor young men like Shelley
talked about it —
it’s pathetic ,”
said
Mr . Bojanus,
shaking his head , “
reelly pathetic .
Political liberty’s a
swindle because a man doesn’t spend his time being political .
He spends
it sleeping ,
eating ,
amusing himself a little and working —
mostly
working .
When they’d got all the political liberty they wanted —
or found
they didn’t want —
they began to understand this .
And so now it’s all for
the industrial revolution ,
Mr . Gumbril.
But bless you ,
that’s as big a
swindle as the other .
How can there ever be liberty under any system ?
No
amount of profit-sharing
or self-government by the workers ,
no amount of
hyjeenic conditions or cocoa villages or recreation grounds can get rid
of the fundamental slavery —
the necessity of working .
Liberty ?
why ,
it
doesn’t exist !
There’s no liberty in this world ;
only gilded cages .
And
then ,
Mr . Gumbril,
even suppose you could somehow get rid of the
necessity of working ,
suppose a man’s time were all leisure .
Would he be
free then ?
I say nothing of the natural slavery of eating and sleeping
and all that ,
Mr . Gumbril;
I say nothing of that ,
because that ,
if I may
say so ,
would be too ’air-splitting
and metaphysical .
But what I do ask
you is this ,”
and Mr . Bojanus
wagged his forefinger almost menacingly at
the sleeping partner in this dialogue : “
would a man with unlimited
leisure be free ,
Mr . Gumbril?
I say he would not .
Not unless he ’
appened
to be a man like you or me ,
Mr . Gumbril,
a man of sense ,
a man of
independent judgment .
An ordinary man would not be free .
Because he
wouldn’t know how to occupy his leisure except in some way that would be
forced on ’
im by other people .
People don’t know ’
ow to entertain
themselves now ;
they leave it to other people to do it for them .
They
swallow what’s given them .
They ’
ave to swallow it ,
whether they like it
or not .
Cinemas ,
newspapers ,
magazines ,
gramophones ,
football matches ,
wireless telephones —
take them or leave them ,
if you want to amuse
youself .
The ordinary man can’t leave them .
He takes ;
and what’s that
but slavery ?
And so you see ,
Mr . Gumbril,”
Mr . Bojanus
smiled with a
kind of roguish triumph , “
you see that even in the purely ’
ypothetical
case of a man with indefinite leisure ,
there still would be no
freedom ....
And the case ,
as I have said ,
is purely ’
ypothetical ;
at any
rate so far as concerns the sort of people who want a revolution .
And as
for the sort of people who do enjoy leisure ,
even now —
why I think ,
Mr .
Gumbril,
you and I know enough about the Best People to know that
freedom ,
except possibly sexual freedom ,
is not their strongest point .
And sexual freedom —
what’s that ?”
Mr . Bojanus
dramatically inquired . “
You
and I ,
Mr . Gumbril,”
he answered confidentially , “
we know .
It’s an
’
orrible , ’
ideous slavery .
That’s what it is .
Or am I wrong ,
Mr .
Gumbril?”
“
Quite right ,
quite right ,
Mr . Bojanus,” Gumbril
hastened to reply .
“
From all of which ,”
continued Mr . Bojanus, “
it follows that ,
except for
a few ,
a very few people like you and me ,
Mr . Gumbril,
there’s no such
thing as liberty .
It’s an ’
oax ,
Mr . Gumbril.
An ’
orrible plant .
And if I
may be allowed to say so ,”
Mr . Bojanus
lowered his voice ,
but still
spoke with emphasis , “
a bloody swindle .”
“
But in that case ,
Mr . Bojanus,
why are you so anxious to have a
revolution ?” Gumbril
inquired .
Thoughtfully ,
Mr . Bojanus
twisted to a finer point his waxed moustaches .
“
Well ,”
he said at last , “
it would be a nice change .
I was always one
for change and a little excitement .
And then there’s the scientific
interest .
You never quite know ’
ow an experiment will turn out ,
do you ,
Mr . Gumbril?
I remember when I was a boy ,
my old dad —
a great gardener he
was ,
a regular floriculturist ,
you might say ,
Mr . Gumbril—
he tried the
experiment of grafting a sprig of Gloire de Dijon
on to a black currant
bush .
And ,
would you believe it ?
the roses came out black ,
coal black ,
Mr . Gumbril.
Nobody would ever have guessed that if the thing had never
been tried .
And that’s what I say about the revolution .
You don’t know
what’ll come of it till you
General
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