The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

relief.”] 309 (return) [ I am much indebted to Mr. A. H. Garrod for having informed me of M. Lorain’s work on the pulse, in which a sphygmogram of a woman in a rage is given; and this shows much difference in the rate and other characters from that of the same woman in her ordinary state.] 310 (return) [ How powerfully intense joy excites the brain, and how the brain reacts on the body, is well shown in the rare cases of Psychical Intoxication. Dr. J. Crichton Browne (‘Medical Mirror,’ 1865) records the case of a young man of strongly nervous temperament, who, on hearing by a telegram that a fortune had been bequeathed him, first became pale, then exhilarated, and soon in the highest spirits, but flushed and very restless. He then took a walk with a friend for the sake of tranquillising himself, but returned staggering in his gait, uproariously laughing, yet irritable in temper, incessantly talking, and singing loudly in the public streets. It was positively ascertained that he had not touched any spirituous liquor, though every one thought that he was intoxicated. Vomiting after a time came on, and the half-digested contents of his stomach were examined, but no odour of alcohol could be detected. He then slept heavily, and on awaking was well, except that he suffered from headache, nausea, and prostration of strength.] 311 (return) [ Dr. Darwin, ‘Zoonomia,’ 1794, vol. i. p. 148.] 312 (return) [ Mrs. Oliphant, in her novel of ‘Miss Majoribanks,’ p. 362. All this reacts on the brain, and prostration soon follows with collapsed muscles and dulled eyes. As associated habit no longer prompts the sufferer to action, he is urged by his friends to voluntary exertion, and not to give way to silent, motionless grief. Exertion stimulates the heart, and this reacts on the brain, and aids the mind to bear its heavy load.] 401 (return) [ See the evidence on this head in my ‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. i. p. 27. On the cooing of pigeons, vol. i. pp. 154, 155.] 402 (return) [ ‘Essays, Scientific, Political, and Speculative,’ 1858. ‘The Origin and Function of Music,’ p. 359.] 403 (return) [ ‘The Descent of Man,’ 1870, vol. ii. p. 332. The words quoted are from Professor Owen. It has lately been shown that some quadrupeds much lower in the scale than monkeys, namely Rodents, are able to produce correct musical tones: see the account of a singing Hesperomys, by the Rev. S. Lockwood, in the ‘American Naturalist,’ vol. v. December, 1871, p. 761.] 404 (return) [ Mr. Tylor (‘Primitive Culture,’ 1871, vol. i. p. 166), in his discussion on this subject, alludes to the whining of the dog.] 405 (return) [ ‘Naturgeschichte der Säugethiere von Paraguay,’ 1830, s. 46.] 406 (return) [ Quoted by Gratiolet, ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 115.] 407 (return) [ ‘Théorie Physiologique de la Musique,’ Paris, 1868, P. 146. Helmholtz has also fully discussed in this profound work the relation of the form of the cavity of the mouth to the production of vowel-sounds.] 408 (return) [ I have given some details on this subject in my ‘Descent of Man,’ vol. i. pp. 352, 384.] 409 (return) [ As quoted in Huxley’s ‘Evidence as to Man’s Place in Nature,’ 1863, p. 52.] 410 (return) [ Illust. Thierleben, 1864, B. i. s. 130.] 411 (return) [ The Hon. J. Caton, Ottawa Acad. of Nat. Sciences, May, 1868, pp. 36, 40. For the Capra, Ægagrus, ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 37.] 412 (return) [ ‘Land and Water,’ July 20, 1867, p. 659.] 413 (return) [ Phaeton rubricauda: ‘Ibis,’ vol. iii. 1861, p. 180.] 414 (return) [ On the Strix flammea, Audubon, ‘Ornithological Biography,’ 1864, vol. ii. p. 407. I have observed other cases in the Zoological Gardens.] 415 (return) [ Melopsittacus undulatus. See an account of its habits by Gould, ‘Handbook of Birds of Australia,’ 1865, vol. ii. p. 82.] 416 (return) [ See, for instance, the account which I have given (‘Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 32) of an Anolis and Draco.] 417 (return) [ These muscles are described in his well-known works. I am greatly indebted to this distinguished observer for having given me in a letter information on this same subject.] 418 (return) [ ‘Lehrbuch der Histologie des Menschen,’ 1857, s. 82. I owe to Prof. W. Turner’s kindness an extract from this work.] 419 (return) [ ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ 1853, vol. i. p. 262.] 420 (return) [ ‘Lehrbuch der Histologie,’ 1857, s. 82.] 421 (return) [ ‘Dictionary of English Etymology,’ p. 403.] 422 (return) [ See the account of the habits of this animal by Dr. Cooper, as quoted in ‘Nature,’ April 27, 1871, p. 512.] 423 (return) [ Dr. Günther, ‘Reptiles of British India,’ p. 262.] 424 (return) [ Mr. J. Mansel Weale, ‘Nature,’ April 27, 1871, p. 508.] 425 (return) [ ‘Journal of Researches during the Voyage of the “Beagle,”’ 1845, p. 96. I have compared the rattling thus produced with that of the Rattle-snake.] 426 (return) [ See the account by Dr. Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 196.] 427 (return) [ The ‘American Naturalist,’ Jan. 1872, p. 32. I regret that I cannot follow Prof. Shaler in believing that the rattle has been developed, by the aid of natural selection, for the sake of producing sounds which deceive and attract birds, so that they may serve as prey to the snake. I do not, however, wish to doubt that the sounds may occasionally subserve this end. But the conclusion at which I have arrived, viz. that the rattling serves as a warning to would-be devourers, appears to me much more probable, as it connects together various classes of facts. If this snake had acquired its rattle and the habit of rattling, for the sake of attracting prey, it does not seem probable that it would have invariably used its instrument when angered or disturbed. Prof. Shaler takes nearly the same view as I do of the manner of development of the rattle; and I have always held this opinion since observing the Trigonocephalus in South America.] 428 (return) [ From the accounts lately collected, and given in the ‘Journal of the Linnean Society,’ by Airs. Barber, on the habits of the snakes of South Africa; and from the accounts published by several writers, for instance by Lawson, of the rattle-snake in North America,—it does not seem improbable that the terrific appearance of snakes and the sounds produced by them, may likewise serve in procuring prey, by paralysing, or as it is sometimes called fascinating, the smaller animals.] 429 (return) [ See the account by Dr. R. Brown, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 39. He says that as soon as a pig sees a snake it rushes upon it; and a snake makes off immediately on the appearance of a pig.] 430 (return) [ Dr. Günther remarks (‘Reptiles of British India,’ p. 340) on the destruction of cobras by the ichneumon or herpestes, and whilst the cobras are young by the jungle-fowl. It is well known that the peacock also eagerly kills snakes.] 431 (return) [ Prof. Cope enumerates a number of kinds in his ‘Method of Creation of Organic Types,’ read before the American Phil. Soc., December 15th, 1871, p. 20. Prof. Cope takes the same view as I do of the use of the gestures and sounds made by snakes. I briefly alluded to this subject in the last edition of my ‘Origin of Species.’ Since the passages in the text above have been printed, I have been pleased to find that Mr. Henderson (‘The American Naturalist,’ May, 1872, p. 260) also takes a similar view of the use of the rattle, namely “in preventing an attack from being made.”] 432 (return) [ Mr. des Vœux, in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 3.] 433 (return) [ ‘The Sportsman and Naturalist in Canada,’ 1866, p. 53. p. 53.{sic}] 434 (return) [ ‘The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia,’ 1867, p. 443.] 501 (return) [ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 190.] 502 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, pp. 187, 218.] 503 (return) [ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 140.] 504 (return) [ Many particulars are given by Gueldenstädt in his account of the jackal in Nov. Comm. Acad. Sc. Imp. Petrop. 1775, tom. xx. p. 449. See also another excellent account of the manners of this animal and of its play, in ‘Land and Water,’ October, 1869. Lieut. Annesley, R. A., has also communicated to me some particulars with respect to the jackal. I have made many inquiries about wolves and jackals in the Zoological Gardens, and have observed them for myself.] 505 (return) [ ‘Land and Water,’ November 6, 1869.] 506 (return) [ Azara, ‘Quadrupèdes du Paraquay,’ 1801, tom. 1. p. 136.] 507 (return) [ ‘Land and Water,’ 1867, p. 657. See also Azara on the Puma, in the work above quoted.] 508 (return) [ Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. p. 123. See also p. 126, on horses not breathing through their mouths, with reference to their distended nostrils.] 509 (return) [ ‘Land and Water,’ 1869, p. 152.] 510 (return) [ ‘Natural History of Mammalia,’ 1841, vol. 1. pp. 383, 410.] 511 (return) [ Rengger (‘Sagetheire von Paraquay’, 1830, s. 46) kept these monkeys in confinement for seven years in their native country of Paraguay.] 512 (return) [ Rengger, ibid. s. 46. Humboldt, ‘Personal Narrative, Eng. translat. vol. iv. p. 527.] 513 (return) [ Nat. Hist. of Mammalia, 1841, p. 351.] 514 (return) [ Brehm, ‘Thierleben,’ B. i. s. 84. On baboons striking the ground, s. 61.] 515 (return) [ Brehm remarks (‘Thierleben,’ s. 68) that the eyebrows of the Inuus ecaudatus are frequently moved up and down when the animal is angered.] 516 (return) [ G. Bennett, ‘Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c. vol. ii. 1834, p. 153. FIG. 18.-Chimpanzee disappointed and sulky. Drawn from life by Mr. Wood.] 517 (return) [ W. L. Martin, Nat. Hist. of Mamm. Animals, 1841, p. 405.] 518 (return) [ Prof. Owen on the Orang, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 28. On the Chimpanzee, see Prof. Macalister, in Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. vii. 1871, p. 342, who states that the corrugator supercilii is inseparable from the orbicularis palpebrarum.] 519 (return) [ Boston Journal of Nat. Hist. 1845—-47, vol. v. p. 423. On the Chimpanzee, ibid. 1843-44, vol. iv. p. 365.] 520 (return) [ See on this subject, ‘Descent of Man,’ vol. i. p. 20.] 521 (return) [ ‘Descent of Man,’ vol, i. p, 43.] 522 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. 1844, pp. 138, 121.] 601 (return) [ The best photographs in my collection are by Mr. Rejlander, of Victoria Street, London, and by Herr Kindermann, of Hamburg. Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 6 are by the former; and figs. 2 and 5, by the latter gentleman. Fig. 6 is given to show moderate crying in an older child.] 602 (return) [ Henle (‘Handbuch d. Syst. Anat. 1858, B. i. s. 139) agrees with Duchenne that this is the effect of the contraction of the pyramidalis nasi.] 603 (return) [ These consist of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, the levator labii proprius, the malaris, and the zygomaticus minor, or little zygomatic. This latter muscle runs parallel to and above the great zygomatic, and is attached to the outer part of the upper lip. It is represented in fig. 2 (I. p. 24), but not in figs. 1 and 3. Dr. Duchenne first showed (‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, 1862, p. 39) the importance of the contraction of this muscle in the shape assumed by the features in crying. Henle considers the above-named muscles (excepting the malaris) as subdivisions of the quadratus labii superioris.] 604 (return) [ Although Dr. Duchenne has so carefully studied the contraction of the different muscles during the act of crying, and the furrows on the face thus produced, there seems to be something incomplete in his account; but what this is I cannot say. He has given a figure (Album, fig. 48) in which one half of the face is made, by galvanizing the proper muscles, to smile; whilst the other half is similarly made to begin crying. Almost all those (viz. nineteen out of twenty-one persons) to whom I showed the smiling half of the face instantly recognized the expression; but, with respect to the other half, only six persons out of twenty-one recognized it,—that is, if we accept such terms as “grief,” “misery,” “annoyance,” as correct;—whereas, fifteen persons were ludicrously mistaken; some of them saying the face expressed “fun,” “satisfaction,” “cunning,” “disgust,” &c. We may infer from this that there is something wrong in the expression. Some of the fifteen persons may, however, have been partly misled by not expecting to see an old man crying, and by tears not being secreted. With respect to another figure by Dr. Duchenne (fig. 49), in which the muscles of half the face are galvanized in order to represent a man beginning to cry, with the eyebrow on the same side rendered oblique, which is characteristic of misery, the expression was recognized by a greater proportional number of persons. Out of twenty-three persons, fourteen answered correctly, “sorrow,” “distress,” “grief,” “just going to cry,” “endurance of pain,” &c. On the other hand, nine persons either could form no opinion or were entirely wrong, answering, “cunning leer,” “jocund,” “looking at an intense light,” “looking at a distant object,” &c.] 605 (return) [ Mrs. Gaskell, ‘Mary Barton,’ new edit. p. 84.] 606 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867,