The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

s. 102. Duchenne, Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Album, p. 34.] 607 (return) [ Dr. Duchenne makes this remark, ibid. p. 39.] 608 (return) [ ‘The Origin of Civilization,’ 1870, p. 355.] 609 (return) [ See, for instance, Mr. Marshall’s account of an idiot in Philosoph. Transact. 1864, p. 526. With respect to cretins, see Dr. Piderit, ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 61.] 610 (return) [ ‘New Zealand and its Inhabitants,’ 1855, p. 175.] 611 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 126.] 612 (return) [ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 106. See also his paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1822, p. 284, ibid. 1823, pp. 166 and 289. Also ‘The Nervous System of the Human Body,’ 3rd edit. 1836, p. 175.] 613 (return) [ See Dr. Brinton’s account of the act of vomiting, in Todd’s Cyclop. of Anatomy and Physiology, 1859, vol. v. Supplement, p. 318.] 614 (return) [ I am greatly indebted to Mr. Bowman for having introduced me to Prof. Donders, and for his aid in persuading this great physiologist to undertake the investigation of the present subject. I am likewise much indebted to Mr. Bowman for having given me, with the utmost kindness, information on many points.] 615 (return) [ This memoir first appeared in the ‘Nederlandsch Archief voor Genees en Natuurkunde,’ Deel 5, 1870. It has been translated by Dr. W. D. Moore, under the title of “On the Action of the Eyelids in determination of Blood from expiratory effort,” in ‘Archives of Medicine,’ edited by Dr. L. S. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 20.] 616 (return) [ Prof. Donders remarks (ibid. p. 28), that, “After injury to the eye, after operations, and in some forms of internal inflammation, we attach great value to the uniform support of the closed eyelids, and we increase this in many instances by the application of a bandage. In both cases we carefully endeavour to avoid great expiratory pressure, the disadvantage of which is well known.” Mr. Bowman informs me that in the excessive photophobia, accompanying what is called scrofulous ophthalmia in children, when the light is so very painful that during weeks or months it is constantly excluded by the most forcible closure of the lids, he has often been struck on opening the lids by the paleness of the eye,—not an unnatural paleness, but an absence of the redness that might have been expected when the surface is somewhat inflamed, as is then usually the case; and this paleness he is inclined to attribute to the forcible closure of the eyelids.] 617 (return) [ Donders, ibid. p. 36.] 618 (return) [ Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood (Dict. of English Etymology, 1859, vol. i. p. 410) says, “the verb to weep comes from Anglo-Saxon wop, the primary meaning of which is simply outcry.”] 619 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ 1865, p. 217.] 620 (return) [ ‘Ceylon,’ 3rd edit. 1859, vol. ii. pp. 364, 376. I applied to Mr. Thwaites, in Ceylon, for further information with respect to the weeping of the elephant; and in consequence received a letter from the Rev. Mr Glenie, who, with others, kindly observed for me a herd of recently captured elephants. These, when irritated, screamed violently; but it is remarkable that they never when thus screaming contracted the muscles round the eyes. Nor did they shed tears; and the native hunters asserted that they had never observed elephants weeping. Nevertheless, it appears to me impossible to doubt Sir E. Tennent’s distinct details about their weeping, supported as they are by the positive assertion of the keeper in the Zoological Gardens. It is certain that the two elephants in the Gardens, when they began to trumpet loudly, invariably contracted their orbicular muscles. I can reconcile these conflicting statements only by supposing that the recently captured elephants in Ceylon, from being enraged or frightened, desired to observe their persecutors, and consequently did not contract their orbicular muscles, so that their vision might not be impeded. Those seen weeping by Sir E. Tennent were prostrate, and had given up the contest in despair. The elephants which trumpeted in the Zoological Gardens at the word of command, were, of course, neither alarmed nor enraged.] 621 (return) [ Bergeon, as quoted in the ‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ Nov. 1871, p. 235.] 622 (return) [ See, for instance, a case given by Sir Charles Bell, ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1823, p. 177.] 623 (return) [ See, on these several points, Prof. Donders ‘On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye,’ 1864, p. 573.] 624 (return) [ Quoted by Sir J. Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ 1865, p. 458.] 701 (return) [ The above descriptive remarks are taken in part from my own observations, but chiefly from Gratiolet (‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 53, 337; on Sighing, 232), who has well treated this whole subject. See, also, Huschke, ‘Mimices et Physiognomices, Fragmentum Physiologi-cum,’ 1821, p. 21. On the dulness of the eyes, Dr. Piderit, ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 65.] 702 (return) [ On the action of grief on the organs of respiration, see more especially Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ 3rd edit. 1844, p. 151.] 703 (return) [ In the foregoing remarks on the manner in which the eyebrows are made oblique, I have followed what seems to be the universal opinion of all the anatomists, whose works I have consulted on the action of the above-named muscles, or with whom I have conversed. Hence throughout this work I shall take a similar view of the action of the corrugator supercilii, orbicularis, pyramidalis nasi, and frontalis muscles. Dr. Duchenne, however, believes, and every conclusion at which he arrives deserves serious consideration, that it is the corrugator, called by him the sourcilier, which raises the inner corner of the eyebrows and is antagonistic to the upper and inner part of the orbicular muscle, as well as to the pyramidalis nasi (see Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, 1862, folio, art. v., text and figures 19 to 29: octavo edit. 1862, p. 43 text). He admits, however, that the corrugator draws together the eyebrows, causing vertical furrows above the base of the nose, or a frown. He further believes that towards the outer two-thirds of the eyebrow the corrugator acts in conjunction with the upper orbicular muscle; both here standing in antagonism to the frontal muscle. I am unable to understand, judging from Henle’s drawings (woodcut, fig. 3), how the corrugator can act in the manner described by Duchenne. See, also, on this subject, Prof. Donders’ remarks in the ‘Archives of Medicine,’ 1870, vol. v. p. 34. Mr. J. Wood, who is so well known for his careful study of the muscles of the human frame, informs me that he believes the account which I have given of the action of the corrugator to be correct. But this is not a point of any importance with respect to the expression which is caused by the obliquity of the eyebrows, nor of much importance to the theory of its origin.] 704 (return) [ I am greatly indebted to Dr. Duchenne for permission to have these two photographs (figs. 1 and 2) reproduced by the heliotype process from his work in folio. Many of the foregoing remarks on the furrowing of the skin, when the eyebrows are rendered oblique, are taken from his excellent discussion on this subject.] 705 (return) [ Mécanisme de la Phys. Humaine, Album, p. 15.] 706 (return) [ Henle, Handbuch der Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s. 148, figs. 68 and 69.] 707 (return) [ See the account of the action of this muscle by Dr. Duchenne, ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine, Album (1862), viii. p. 34.] 801 (return) [ Herbert Spencer, ‘Essays Scientific,’ &c., 1858, p. 360.] 802 (return) [ F. Lieber on the vocal sounds of L. Bridgman, ‘Smithsonian Contributions,’ 1851, vol. ii. p. 6.] 803 (return) [ See, also, Mr. Marshall, in Phil. Transact. 1864, p. 526.] 804 (return) [ Mr. Bain (‘The Emotions and the Will,’ 1865, p. 247) has a long and interesting discussion on the Ludicrous. The quotation above given about the laughter of the gods is taken from this work. See, also, Mandeville, ‘The Fable of the Bees,’ vol. ii. p. 168.] 805 (return) [ ‘The Physiology of Laughter,’ Essays, Second Series, 1863, p. 114.] 806 (return) [ J. Lister in ‘Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,’ 1853, vol. 1. p. 266.] 807 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ p. 186.] 808 (return) [ Sir C. Bell (Anat. of Expression, p. 147) makes some remarks on the movement of the diaphragm during laughter.] 809 (return) [ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende vi.] 810 (return) [ Handbuch der System. Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s. 144. See my woodcut (H. fig. 2).] 811 (return) [ See, also, remarks to the same effect by Dr. J. Crichton Browne in ‘Journal of Mental Science,’ April, 1871, p. 149.] 812 (return) [ C. Vogt, ‘Mémoire sur les Microcéphales,’ 1867, p. 21.] 813 (return) [ Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 133.] 814 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ 1867, s. 63-67.] 815 (return) [ Sir T. Reynolds remarks (‘Discourses,’ xii. p. 100), “it is curious to observe, and it is certainly true, that the extremes of contrary passions are, with very little variation, expressed by the same action.” He gives as an instance the frantic joy of a Bacchante and the grief of a Mary Magdalen.] 816 (return) [ Dr. Piderit has come to the same conclusion, ibid. s. 99.] 817 (return) [ ‘La Physionomie,’ par G. Lavater, edit. of 1820, vol. iv. p. 224. See, also, Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 172, for the quotation given below.] 818 (return) [ A ‘Dictionary of English Etymology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, Introduction, p. xliv.] 819 (return) [ Crantz, quoted by Tylor, ‘Primitive Culture,’ 1871, Vol. i. P. 169.] 820 (return) [ F. Lieber, ‘Smithsonian Contributions,’ 1851, vol. ii. p. 7.] 821 (return) [ Mr. Bain remarks (‘Mental and Moral Science,’ 1868, p. 239), “Tenderness is a pleasurable emotion, variously stimulated, whose effort is to draw human beings into mutual embrace.”] 822 (return) [ Sir J. Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ 2nd edit. 1869, p. 552, gives full authorities for these statements. The quotation from Steele is taken from this work.] 823 (return) [ See a full acount,{sic} with references, by E. B. Tylor, ‘Researches into the Early History of Mankind,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 51.] 824 (return) [ ‘The Descent of Man,’ vol. ii. p. 336.] 825 (return) [ Dr. Mandsley has a discussion to this effect in his ‘Body and Mind,’ 1870, p. 85.] 826 (return) [ ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 103, and ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ 1823, p. 182.] 827 (return) [ ‘The Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 146. Mr. Tylor (‘Early History of Mankind,’ 2nd edit. 1870, p. 48) gives a more complex origin to the position of the hands during prayer.] 901 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ pp. 137, 139. It is not surprising that the corrugators should have become much more developed in man than in the anthropoid apes; for they are brought into incessant action by him under various circumstances, and will have been strengthened and modified by the inherited effects of use. We have seen how important a part they play, together with the orbiculares, in protecting the eyes from being too much gorged with blood during violent expiratory movements. When the eyes are closed as quickly and as forcibly as possible, to save them from being injured by a blow, the corrugators contract. With savages or other men whose heads are uncovered, the eyebrows are continually lowered and contracted to serve as a shade against a too strong light; and this is effected partly by the corrugators. This movement would have been more especially serviceable to man, as soon as his early progenitors held their heads erect. Lastly, Prof. Donders believes (‘Archives of Medicine,’ ed. by L. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 34), that the corrugators are brought into action in causing the eyeball to advance in accommodation for proximity in vision.] 902 (return) [ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende iii.] 903 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 46.] 904 (return) [ ‘History of the Abipones,’ Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 59, as quoted by Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilisation,’ 1870, p. 355.] 905 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 15, 144, 146. Mr. Herbert Spencer accounts for frowning exclusively by the habit of contracting the brows as a shade to the eyes in a bright light: see ‘Principles of Physiology,’ 2nd edit. 1872, p. 546.] 906 (return) [ Gratiolet remarks (De la Phys. p. 35), “Quand l’attention est fixee sur quelque image interieure, l’oeil regarde dons le vide et s’associe automatiquement a la contemplation de l’esprit.” But this view hardly deserves to be called an explanation.] 907 (return) [ ‘Miles Gloriosus,’ act ii. sc. 2.] 908 (return) [ The original photograph by Herr Kindermann is much more expressive than this copy, as it shows the frown on the brow more plainly.] 909 (return) [ ‘Mécanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,’ Album, Légende iv. figs. 16-18.] 910 (return) [ Hensleigh Wedgwood on ‘The Origin of Language,’ 1866, p. 78.] 911 (return) [ Müller, as quoted by Huxley, ‘Man’s Place in Nature,’ 1863, p. 38.] 912 (return) [ I have given several instances in my ‘Descent of Man,’ vol. i. chap. iv.] 913 (return) [ ‘Anatomy of Expression.’ p. 190.] 914 (return) [ ‘De la Physionomie,’ pp. 118-121.] 915 (return) [ ‘Mimik und Physiognomik,’ s. 79.] 1001 (return) [ See some remarks to this effect by Mr. Bain, ‘The Emotions and the Will,’ 2nd edit. 1865, p. 127.] 1002 (return) [ Rengger, Naturgesch. der Säugethiere von Paraguay, 1830, s. 3.] 1003 (return) [ Sir C. Bell, ‘Anatomy of Expression,’ p. 96.