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English Vocabulary

Pick a CEFR level (A1–C2) — A1 is the friendliest place to start — and browse its words grouped by topic: travel, food, the body, emotions, and more. Each word shows its meaning, example sentences, and US/UK pronunciation.

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2762 words

Grammar & Function Words (17)

/ˌ(h)wʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/ At all; in any way (used to add emphasis, usually after a negative).

/ˌɛt ˈsɛt(ə)ɹə/ Alternative form of etc..

/ʍaɪlst/ During the time that; while (chiefly British and formal).

/əˈd͡ʒeɪ.sənt/ Next to or very close to something.

/əˈmɪd/ In the middle of; surrounded by.

/səˈbɔɹdɪnət/ Lower in rank, position, or importance than someone or something else.

/ɔlˈbi.ət/ Although; even though.

/sænz/ without a person or thing, often used for concise, humorous, or literary effect

/ɪmˈpɝsənəl/ Cold and unfriendly; not showing warmth or feeling.

/ɪnˈdɛfɪnɪt/ Without a fixed or known end; lasting for an unknown length of time.

notwithstanding C1

/ˌnɑtwɪθˈstændɪŋ/ In spite of; despite.

/ɪn.soʊˈfɑɹ/ to the degree or extent that; used chiefly in the construction 'insofar as'

/pəˈrɛnθəsɪs/ a word, phrase, or clause inserted into a sentence as an explanation or aside

/ðɛɹˈfɔɹ/ formal, especially legal: for that thing, action, or reason; in return for it

/ðɛːɹˈæt/ at that event or moment; as a result of that

ungrammatical C1

/ˌʌn.ɡrəˈmæt̬.ɪ.kəl/ not following the accepted grammar rules of a language

such-and-such C1

/ˈsʌtʃənˌsʌtʃ/ used to refer vaguely to a person, thing, place, or amount whose exact identity is not specified

Numbers & Quantity (32)

/ˈhæn(d)fʊl/ A small number of people or things.

/ˈlɛsɚ/ Smaller in size, amount, or importance, especially when compared with something else.

/fɪˈnɑmɪnəl/ Extremely impressive or remarkable

/ˌvɑlənˈtɛɹɪli/ By choice, of one's own free will.

/ɪnˈtɛnsɪti/ The strength or degree of something such as a feeling or activity.

/ˈfɹæk.ʃən/ A small part of something larger.

/ˈɹeɪ.si.əʊ/ The relationship between two amounts, showing how much of one there is compared to the other.

/pɔl/ A survey of people's opinions or voting intentions.

/ˈkwoʊ.tə/ A fixed amount or share that someone is expected or allowed to have or produce.

/əˈbʌn.dn̩s/ a very large quantity of something; plenty

/ˈsɝˌplʌs/ An amount that is more than what is needed or used.

/ˈd͡ʒuː.əl/ Having two parts, aspects, or purposes.

/ˈdɛfəsɪt/ The amount by which spending is greater than the money coming in.

/ˈlɪmətləs/ Having no limit in size, amount, or extent.

/ˈtɝnoʊvɚ/ The total amount of money a business takes in sales over a period.

/[ˈvæɹ.i.ə.bl̩]/ Likely to change or able to change.

/ʌnˈtoʊld/ too great or numerous to be calculated or described

/ɹɪˈkaʊnt/ To tell someone about something in detail.

/ˈpɪkɪŋz/ things available to be taken, chosen, or gained, especially when few or of limited value

/kwɑˈdruːpəl/ four times as large, numerous, or valuable

/ˈskɛɹsɪti/ a small and inadequate amount

inexhaustible C1

/ɪnɪɡˈzɔːstɪbl̩/ So great in amount that it can never be used up; unlimited.

/ɪɡˈzub(ə)rən(t)s/ Lively, joyful enthusiasm and energy.

/ˈmɑɹd͡ʒɪnəli/ By a very small amount; slightly.

Space, Position & Direction (155)

/ɹɪˈmuːvd/ Distant or separated from something in space, time, or degree.

/ˈt͡ʃeɪmbɚ/ A large room, often used for a formal or specific purpose.

/ˌhæfˈweɪ/ At or to a point that is the middle between two places.

/nɛst/ A structure that a bird or other animal builds to lay eggs and raise its young.

/ɡɹaʊndz/ A good reason or basis for doing or believing something.

/swiːt/ A set of connected rooms, especially in a hotel.

/ˈleɪɡəsi/ Something passed down from the past or from a person who came before.

/ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/ far away from other places, people, or things

inappropriate C1

/ˌɪnəˈpɹoʊpɹi.ət/ Not suitable for a particular situation, time, or place.

/ˈvæ.kjuːm/ A space that contains no matter or air.

/ˈskætɚd/ Spread out over a wide area at irregular intervals.

/ˌvaɪ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/ An act that breaks a law, agreement, or right.

/ɪnˈhɛɹɪtəns/ Money or property received from someone who has died.

/dɹɪft/ To be carried slowly along by water, air, or a current.

/ˈɹuːθləs/ Showing no pity or mercy towards others.

/stɹeɪ/ To wander away from the right path or place.

/ˈaɪ.ɹə.ni/ A situation that is strange or amusing because it is the opposite of what you expect.

/kəˈlɛktɪv/ Done by or shared between all members of a group.

/stɹæp/ A narrow strip of leather, cloth, or other material used to fasten, carry, or hold something.

/ˈbænɚ/ A large sign or strip of cloth with a message, often hung up or carried.

/ˈspɑtˌlaɪt/ Public attention or the center of attention.

/dəˈsɛnt/ The act of moving or coming down.

/ˈbaɪpæs/ To avoid or go around something, such as a rule, problem, or place.

/spɑnˈteɪ.ni.əs/ Done suddenly, without planning, because you suddenly want to.

Time (69)

/ˈpæsɪŋ/ A polite word for someone's death.

/ˈmiːntaɪm/ The period of time between two events; used mainly in the phrase 'in the meantime'.

/ˈfɔ.stɚ/ To encourage the development or growth of something.

/ˈgɪg/ A single live performance by a musician or band.

/ˈpɹɛɡnənsi/ The condition or period of carrying a developing baby in the womb.

/ˈhɛns/ For this reason; therefore.

/ɹeɪn/ The period during which a king or queen rules.

/səˈspɛnʃən/ The act of officially stopping something for a time, or the period of this delay.

/ˈkɹɑ.nɪk/ (of an illness) Lasting a long time or coming back again and again.

/ˈsɔː.nə/ A hot room where people sit to sweat and relax, often with steam.

/dʒʊˈɹeɪʃn̩/ The length of time that something lasts or continues.

/ˈprɛzəntli/ Soon; before long.

reconstruction C1

/ˌɹikənˈstɹʌkʃən/ The act of building or putting something together again, often better than before.

/ˈpɹiː.sɪ.dənt/ An earlier event or action used as an example or guide for later ones.

evolutionary C1

/ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən.ɛɹ.i/ Relating to the gradual development of living things over time.

/ˈbætəɹd/ Damaged and worn out from being hit or heavily used.

indefinitely C1

/ɪnˈdɛfɪnɪtli/ For a long or unlimited time, with no fixed end.

/ˈbʌfəɹ/ Something that reduces the impact of a shock or protects one thing from another.

/ˌpɝsəˈkjuʃən/ Cruel or unfair treatment of a person or group over time, especially because of race, religion, or beliefs.

/ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪzd/ Designed for or focused on one particular area, skill, or purpose.

/ˈstæmənə/ The physical or mental energy to keep doing something tiring over a long time.

/ˈspɑː(ɹ)tən/ Very simple and plain, with no comfort or luxury.

/ˈjunɪsən/ Complete agreement or coordinated action done together at the same time.

/ˈkɑn.təmˌpleɪt/ To think carefully about doing something as a possibility.

People & Society (170)

/əˈtɜɹni/ A lawyer; someone who advises people on legal matters and represents them in court.

/ˈdiː.mən/ An evil supernatural being or spirit.

commissioner C1

/kəˈmɪʃənɚ/ An official who heads a government department or public body, such as a police force.

/klæn/ A large group of families descended from a common ancestor.

/kæˈsinoʊ/ A building or room where people gamble on games of chance.

/mɑb/ A large, disorderly crowd of people, often angry or violent.

/ˈhændl̩ɪŋ/ The way someone deals with or manages a situation, task, or people.

/ˈkɑ.mjə.nɪst/ A person who believes in communism, a system where property is owned by the community as a whole.

/ˈɡæð.ɚ.ɪŋ/ A meeting of people, often for a social or special occasion.

/ˈlɛz.bi.ən/ A woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to other women.

/sɪˈvɪl.jən/ A person who is not a member of the armed forces or police.

/ˈtraɪbəl/ Relating to or typical of a tribe.

/ˈɹaɪ.ət/ A violent disturbance by a large, uncontrolled crowd of people.

/kʌlt/ A religious group with extreme or unusual beliefs whose members are intensely devoted to a leader.

assassination C1

/əˌsæsəˈneɪʃən/ The murder of an important or famous person, usually for political reasons.

/ˈkæɹ.i.ɚ/ A person or thing that carries or transports something.

/ˌsiːnˈjɔr/ a Spanish or Spanish-speaking man, especially when addressed or referred to with the title equivalent to Mr. or sir

/ˈfɔɹ.ɪ.nɚ/ A person from another country.

/ˈd͡ʒuːvənaɪl/ Relating to young people or children.

/d͡ʒɛm/ A precious or semiprecious stone that has been cut and polished, especially for jewellery.

/əˈɡɹɛʃən/ Angry or violent behaviour or feelings towards another person.

/ˈhɪ.pə.kɹɪt/ A person who pretends to have beliefs or standards that their own actions do not match.

/ˈæd.və.kət/ To publicly support or recommend a particular idea or course of action.

/əˈpɹɛntɪs/ A young person learning a skilled trade by working with an expert.

Family & Relationships (17)

/ˈɔfspɹɪŋ/ A person's child or children.

/spaʊ̯s/ A husband or wife.

/məˈtɝnəl/ Like a mother; caring and protective in the way a mother is.

/ˈɪnsɛst/ sexual relations between people whose close family relationship makes such relations illegal or socially prohibited

/tɑt/ informal: a very young child

/pəˈtɜɹ.nəl/ Related to you through your father's side of the family.

/ˈpeɪtɹiˌɑɹk/ the male head of a family, tribe, or social group

/ˈɪnfənsi/ the earliest period of childhood

/flɝˈteɪʃən/ playful behavior that shows romantic or sexual interest without necessarily implying serious intent

/ɪˈloʊpmənt/ the act of secretly running away with a partner in order to marry, often without family approval

/ˈɡrændpəˌpɑ/ an informal or old-fashioned term for one's grandfather

domestically C1

/dəˈmɛstɪkli/ Within a country, rather than abroad.

/ˈkɑːmreɪdʃɪp/ friendship, trust, and solidarity among people who live, work, or face difficulty together

/ˈwaɪf.li/ of, relating to, or traditionally regarded as characteristic of a wife; now often old-fashioned

estrangement C1

/ɪˈstreɪndʒmənt/ the state or process of losing affection, trust, or contact in a personal relationship

intermarriage C1

/ˌɪntɚˈmɛrɪdʒ/ marriage between people from different racial, ethnic, religious, social, or national groups

/ˌɪn.tɚˈmær.i/ for members of different families, communities, ethnic groups, or religions to marry one another

Emotions & Feelings (88)

/tʃəl/ An unpleasant feeling of cold.

/wuː/ To try to win someone's love or romantic interest.

/dɪsˈtɝ.bɪŋ/ Causing worry, distress, or a feeling of unease.

/ˈtɹʌbl̩d/ Worried, anxious, or upset.

/ˈlɜst/ A strong feeling of sexual desire.

/dɪˈstɹɛs/ A feeling of great emotional pain, worry, or suffering.

/ˌsɛntiˈmɛntl̩/ Based on or showing tender emotions rather than reason.

/nʌm/ Unable to feel anything in part of the body.

/ɹiˈzɛnt/ to feel angry or bitter about something you think is unfair

/ɹɪˈmɔɹs/ A deep feeling of guilt and regret for something wrong you have done.

/pɹəˈvoʊk/ To deliberately make someone angry or annoyed.

/əˈdɹɛnəlɪn/ A hormone released by the body in moments of stress, fear, or excitement that speeds up the heart and prepares you to act.

/ˈɹɪ̟nt͡ʃ/ To pull or twist something suddenly and violently.

/ˈɪnfəməs/ Well known for being bad or evil.

/wɛlˈbiː.ɪŋ/ The state of being healthy, happy, and comfortable.

/ˈsɑmbɚ/ Serious, sad, or gloomy in mood

/pɹəˈvɑ.kə.tɪv/ Deliberately causing a strong reaction, such as anger, argument, or interest.

/ɡloʊt/ usually disapproving: to feel or show excessive satisfaction about one's success or another person's misfortune

/dɪˈtɛst/ To dislike someone or something very strongly; to hate.

claustrophobic C1

/ˌklɔstrəˈfoʊbɪk/ Feeling very uncomfortable or panicked in small, enclosed spaces.

/skɔɹn/ To feel or show that you think someone or something is worthless and deserves no respect.

/ɡlʌm/ Sad, gloomy, and low in spirits.

instinctively C1

/ɪnˈstɪŋktɪvli/ Automatically and without thinking, from a natural feeling.

exhilarating C1

/ɪgˈzɪlɝˌeɪtɪŋ/ Making you feel very happy, excited, and full of energy.

Describing People (71)

/seɪnt/ A dead person officially recognised by a church as especially holy.

/læd/ A boy or young man.

/ˈwək.əd/ Morally bad; cruel or evil.

/hɑɹʃ/ Cruel, unkind, or severe.

/ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd/ Working hard at something because you care about it; loyal and committed.

/ˈbɹu.təl/ Extremely violent, vicious, or cruel.

/ˈvɪʃəs/ Violent and dangerous; likely to attack or hurt someone.

/ˈklæsi/ Elegant, stylish, and impressive in a tasteful way.

/ˈdʒækˌæs/ informal and insulting: a foolish, stupid, or badly behaved person

/slæk/ The loose part of a rope or line that is not pulled tight.

/kɹuːd/ Made or done in a simple, rough way; not skilfully finished.

/ˈsɪnɪkəl/ Believing that people act only out of selfishness and expecting the worst of them.

/ˈɡrʌm.pi/ easily annoyed, bad-tempered, and inclined to complain

/məˈnuvɚ/ A skillful or carefully planned movement.

cold-blooded C1

/ˌkoʊldˈblʌd.ɪd/ deliberately cruel and showing no pity, emotion, or remorse

/ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒɪŋ/ Holding your attention and interest; very interesting.

/ˌɹi.əˈʃʊɹ/ To say or do something that makes someone feel less worried or more confident.

manipulation C1

/məˌnɪp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ The act of controlling or influencing someone in a clever and often unfair way.

/plɔɪ/ A clever trick or plan used to gain an advantage.

/ˈɡɑː.ɡɑː/ informal and sometimes disparaging: mentally confused or physically feeble, especially through old age

/ˈæpt/ Suitable or appropriate for the situation.

/ˌɪnd͡ʒəˈn(j)uːəti/ The ability to solve problems in clever, original, and inventive ways.

/bɪˈnɑen/ Not harmful or dangerous, especially describing a tumour that is not cancerous.

/ˈtɛm.pɚ.ə.mənt/ A person's natural character, which shapes how they usually think, feel, and behave.

Describing Qualities (421)

/ˈtɹaɪ.ɪŋ/ Difficult or annoying to deal with; hard to endure.

/ˈwɔɹənt/ An official document allowing police to search, seize, or arrest someone.

/ˈkʌtɪŋ/ A small piece cut from a plant and used to grow a new one.

/ˈkɹɪstəl/ A clear, solid mineral form with a regular geometric shape; high-quality clear glass.

/ˈtɹɔ.mə/ A deep emotional shock or wound that has lasting effects.

/ˈwɛə(ɹ)haʊs/ A large building for storing goods before they are sold or sent out.

/ˈɹaɪfəl/ A gun with a long barrel that is fired from the shoulder.

/ɡʌt/ The stomach or belly, especially a large one.

/ˌsuˈpɹim/ Highest in authority, rank, or power.

/mɪɚ/ Used to stress that something is small or unimportant; nothing more than.

/bæs/ The low range of sound or musical tones.

/hæk/ A writer who produces dull, low-quality work, often just for money.

/kɔɹ/ A large military unit made up of several divisions.

/ˈvaɪəlɪt/ Of a bluish-purple colour.

/ˈɔ.toʊ̯/ A car (short for automobile).

/kwɛst/ A long or determined search or effort to achieve something.

/ˈfɹæd͡ʒəl/ Easily broken or damaged; not strong.

/luːp/ A shape made when a line curves round and crosses itself.

/ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/ The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles.

/ɪnˈtækt/ Complete and not damaged or broken.

/sælˈveɪ.ʃn̩/ The act of saving someone or something from harm or a difficult situation.

/ˈpə.dʒən/ A common grey bird with a plump body and short legs, often seen in towns and cities.

/fjuːz/ To join or blend two or more things into one.

/ɪˈɹɛl.ə.vənt/ Not connected with or important to the subject being discussed.

Communication (83)

instrumental C1

/ɪnstɹəˈmɛntəl/ Playing an important part in making something happen.

/ˈtwɪtəɹ/ to make a rapid series of light, high-pitched chirping sounds, especially as a bird

/ˈskɹiːnˌpleɪ/ The written script for a film or television show, including dialogue and stage directions.

/ˈmɔːɹs/ Morse code, a system representing letters and numbers by sequences of short and long signals

/ˈvoʊ̯.kəl/ Expressing your opinions openly and forcefully.

/ˈpriːtʃ/ To give a religious talk, especially in a church service.

/hoʊks/ a deliberately fabricated story, warning, or event intended to deceive people

/ˈdɪkˌteɪt/ To speak words aloud for someone else to write down or record.

/əˈkaʊntəbl̩/ Responsible for your actions and expected to explain or justify them.

documentation C1

/ˌdɑkjəmɛnˈteɪʃən/ Written records or papers that prove or support something.

/ɑːɹˈtɪk.jə.leɪt/ To express your thoughts or feelings clearly in words.

/jæp/ to give a quick, sharp, high-pitched bark or cry

/dɐb/ To give someone or something a nickname or descriptive name.

/ˈɹɛndəɹɪŋ/ A particular version or interpretation of a work, especially a performance.

/kənˈfʌɹ/ To talk with others in order to discuss something or reach a decision.

/rænt/ to speak, write, or shout at length in a loud, angry, or uncontrolled way

/ˈiːvzdrɑːp/ to listen secretly to a private conversation without the speakers' knowledge

/ˈdɪs.kɔːɹs/ Serious discussion or the exchange of ideas about a subject, in speech or writing.

/smɝk/ to smile in a smug, condescending, scornful, or self-satisfied way

/dɪˈpɪkt/ To show something in a picture, painting, or photograph.

/sɪmˈpoʊ.zi.əm/ a formal meeting at which specialists give presentations and discuss a particular subject

/ˈwɪmpə/ to cry or make a weak, soft, intermittent sound from fear, pain, or distress

/ˈkwɪ.ɹi/ A question, especially one asking for information or expressing a doubt.

/skɔːf/ To speak about someone or something in a mocking, scornful way.

Mind & Cognition (101)

/ˈsaɪkɪk/ relating to the mind, soul, or mental processes rather than the physical body

/ˈvɝ.dɪkt/ The decision a jury or judge makes about whether someone is guilty in a court case.

/naɪˈiv/ Lacking experience or judgement, and too quick to trust or believe things.

/mɒʊl/ A massive structure, usually of stone, used as a pier, breakwater or junction between places separated by water.

/ˈhoʊmˌlænd/ The country where someone was born or that they think of as home.

/kəmˈpɑɹtmənt/ A room, or section, or chamber, typically within a vehicle.

/dɪˈskɹɛʃən/ The freedom to decide something for yourself, using your own judgement.

/ˈtɔː(ɹ)mɛnt/ Severe physical or mental suffering.

/ˌɪn.tuˈɪʃ.ən/ The ability to understand or know something immediately, without conscious reasoning.

/ɪnˈklaɪnd/ Having a tendency or willingness to do or believe something.

/ˈsɛn.tɪ.mənt/ A thought, opinion, or attitude, often based on feeling.

/kəmˈpɛlɪŋ/ So interesting or exciting that it holds your full attention.

enlightenment C1

/ɪnˈlaɪtənmənt/ the gaining or giving of knowledge and clearer understanding

/ˈɪntəˌlɛkt/ The power of the mind to think, reason, and understand.

/kɹaɪˈtɪɹ.i.ə/ The standards or rules used to judge or decide something (plural of criterion).

/ˈspɛk.jəˌleɪt/ To form a guess or opinion about something without having all the facts.

/dɪˈmɛntɪd/ wildly irrational, disturbed, or out of control

/ˈlæps/ A small, temporary failure, especially of memory or attention.

/ˈflæʃ.bæk/ A part of a film, book, or play that shows an earlier event, interrupting the main story.

/ˌpɹɑ.bləˈmæt.ɪk/ Causing problems or difficulties.

/træŋˈkwɪlɪti/ A state of peace and quiet.

/ˈɹɪɡəɹəs/ demanding strict attention to rules and procedures

/ˈæntɪks/ Wild, silly, or attention-grabbing behaviour.

/ˌkɑnəˈsɝ/ An expert whose judgement is respected, especially in art, food, or other matters of taste.

Senses & Perception (45)

/spaɪ/ A person who secretly collects information about an enemy country, company, or person.

/skɹiːt͡ʃ/ a loud, harsh, high-pitched cry or noise

/stɑɹk/ Bare, plain, and empty in appearance.

/ˈbʌzɚ/ A device that makes a buzzing sound as a signal.

interference C1

/ˌɪntəɹˈfɪɹɪns/ The act of getting involved in something that does not concern you.

/ˈfɹʌsˌtɹeɪ̯tɪŋ/ Making you feel annoyed or impatient because you cannot do or achieve something.

/buːˈkeɪ/ A bunch of flowers arranged nicely, often given as a gift.

/ˈflætɚ/ To praise someone, often insincerely, to please them or win favour.

/ˈfɪdl̩/ To touch or play with something with your fingers, often nervously or aimlessly.

/hɑŋk/ To sound a car horn.

/klæʃ/ To disagree strongly or come into conflict.

/əˈkuː.stɪk/ (of a musical instrument) producing sound naturally, without electrical amplification.

/hɪs/ a fricative sound, especially as an expression of disapproval

/ˈɑptɪkəl/ Relating to sight or the eyes.

/pɚˈsɛptɪv/ Quick to notice and understand things, especially subtle ones.

/klæŋk/ a loud, hard, resonant sound made when pieces of metal strike one another

/dɪˈgreɪdɪŋ/ Treating someone without respect and making them feel worthless or ashamed.

/ənˈsɛtəlɪŋ/ Making you feel worried, uneasy, or uncomfortable.

/dɪsˈɹʌpʃən/ An interruption that stops something from continuing normally.

/ˈtɹæŋ.kwɪl/ Calm, quiet, and peaceful.

/ˈtɪŋ.ɡəl/ to feel or cause a slight prickling, stinging, or vibrating sensation

/ˈhoʊmli/ Simple, comfortable, and reminding you of home (British usage).

/ˈɡɹʌmbl̩/ To complain about something in a quiet, unhappy way.

/ˈræspi/ harsh, rough, or grating in sound

Education & Learning (15)

/dɪˈtɛnʃn̩/ The act of officially holding someone in custody, usually for a short time.

disciplinary C1

/ˈdɪs.ə.pləˌnɛɹi/ relating to a specific field of academic study

accomplishment C1

/əˈkɑm.plɪʃ.mənt/ Something impressive that you have achieved through effort.

conservatory C1

/kənˈsɝ.vəˌt(ɔ.)ɹi/ A room with glass walls and roof attached to a house, used for plants or relaxing.

/ˈsɛməˌnɛɹi/ an institution that trains candidates for the priesthood, ministry, or rabbinate

/ˈsteɪ.ʃəˌner.i/ writing and office materials such as paper, envelopes, pens, pencils, and notebooks

/dɪˈsɛkʃən/ The act of cutting open a body to study its parts.

/ˈproʊtəˌʒeɪ/ a less experienced person whose career or development is guided and supported by an influential mentor

/dɛlv/ to examine or investigate a subject carefully and in detail

/ɹoʊt/ memorization or learning through repetition, often without full understanding

schoolmistress C1

/ˈskuːlˌmɪstrəs/ a woman who teaches in or is in charge of a school, now chiefly in historical contexts

/ˈpleɪ.dʒə.raɪz/ to use another person's words, ideas, or creative work and present them as one's own, especially without proper acknowledgment

/ˈɡlɔ.sə.ɹi/ an alphabetical list of technical terms in some specialized field of knowledge

/ˈɛdʒəˌkeɪtɪv/ serving to educate or produce intellectual and moral development

subject-matter C1

/ˈsʌbdʒɛktˌmætər/ the topic or material being discussed, studied, or represented

Work & Careers (34)

/ˈmɪnɪstɹi/ A government department responsible for a particular area, usually headed by a minister.

/əˈbɔɹ.ʃn̩/ The deliberate ending of a pregnancy before the baby can survive on its own.

/ɪˈlæb.(ə.)ɹət/ Having many parts or details; carefully and richly worked out.

/ˈkɑɹpəntɚ/ A person whose job is making and repairing wooden things

/ˈwi.vɚ/ a craftsman who weaves cloth

/ˈkɑːnˌtræktɝ/ A person or company hired to do a particular job under a contract, rather than as a regular employee.

/mælˈfʌŋkʃən/ To stop working properly or fail to work at all.

/ˈdiːfɛkt/ A fault or flaw that makes something imperfect or not work properly.

/ˈklaɪ.mæks/ The most exciting or important point of an event, story, or career.

/ɡɪld/ an association of merchants or craftspeople formed to regulate a trade, protect common interests, and provide mutual support

/pəˈθɑːlədʒəst/ An expert in pathology; a specialist who examines samples of body tissues for diagnostic or forensic purpose.

/ˌæp.əˈɹeɪ.təs/ A complex machine or set of equipment built for a particular job.

/kənˈfaɪd/ To tell someone a secret or private matter because you trust them.

/ˈnɑ.mɪ.neɪt/ To officially suggest someone as a candidate for a job, position, or award.

/kəˈlæb.ə.ɹeɪt/ To work together with others to achieve a shared goal.

occupational C1

/ɑkjuˈpeɪʃənəl/ Relating to a person's job or profession.

productivity C1

/ˌpɹɑ.dʌkˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/ The rate at which workers produce goods or services; how efficiently work is done.

/ˈkɑːrpəntri/ The skill or work of making and repairing things out of wood

/ˈtʃeɪmbərˌmeɪd/ a woman employed to clean and care for bedrooms, now chiefly in a hotel and historically in a private household

/ˈpoʊstˌmæstɚ/ The head of a post office.

stenographer C1

/stəˈnɑɡɹəfɚ/ a person trained to transcribe speech rapidly using shorthand or a stenotype machine

/ˈkruː.pi.ɚ/ a casino employee who manages a gaming table, handles bets, and pays winnings

/ˈʌndɚlɪŋ/ a person of lower rank who works for or is controlled by someone more powerful, often used disparagingly

probationary C1

/proʊˈbeɪ.ʃəˌner.i/ subject to a trial period before a position, status, or arrangement becomes permanent

Business & Commerce (26)

/ˈɔfəɹɪŋ/ Something that is offered or made available, such as a product or service.

/ˈpɹemɪsɪz/ A building or piece of land used by a business or organization.

/ˈlɛvərɪdʒ/ power, influence, or an advantage that can be used to obtain a desired result

/tɹænˈzækʃən/ An instance of buying or selling something; a business deal.

/ˈmɝ.d͡ʒɚ/ The joining of two or more companies into a single one.

/ˈkæpɪ̈tl̩ˌɪzm̩/ An economic system in which businesses and property are privately owned and run for profit.

/məˈnɑpəli/ Complete control of a market by a single company, with no competition.

/ˈfɹænt͡ʃaɪ̯z/ The right to sell a company's products or services in a particular area, or a business run under such a right.

/ˈkæp.ɪ.tə.lɪst/ A person who invests money in business in order to make a profit.

/ˈtɹeɪdmɑɹk/ A name, symbol, or phrase legally registered to identify a company's product.

/ˌklaɪ.ənˈtɛl/ the clients or regular customers of a business, professional, or organization considered as a group

/dʒᵻˈnɛ.ɹɪk/ Shared by a whole group or class rather than specific to one thing.

/prəˈmoʊ.tɚ/ a person or organization that actively supports or encourages a cause, activity, or development

/ˈʃɛɹˌhoʊl.dɚ/ A person or organization that owns shares in a company.

commendation C1

/ˌkɑmənˈdeɪʃən/ Praise or formal approval given to someone.

/t͡ʃɝn/ To move or stir something, especially liquid, with great force and motion.

/ˌnɑːnˈprɔfɪt/ Not run in order to make a profit; using any money earned to support its aims.

commercially C1

/kəˈmɝːʃəli/ In a way relating to buying, selling, or making a profit.

organizational C1

/ˌɔː(ɹ)ɡənɪˈzeɪʃənəl/ Relating to how a company or group is structured and run.

privatization C1

/ˌpɹaɪvətaɪˈzeɪʃən/ The transfer of a company or service from government to private ownership.

/kənˈsʌltənsi/ A company that gives expert advice in a particular field.

incorporation C1

/ɪnˌkɔrpəˈreɪʃən/ the act of including something as part of a larger whole, or the state of being included

/ˌʌndɚˈsɛl/ to sell at a lower price than a competitor

commercialize C1

/kəˈmɝː.ʃə.laɪz/ to develop an idea, product, or service so that it can be sold commercially

Money & Finance (37)

/beɪl/ Money paid so that an arrested person can be released until their trial, promising they will return to court.

/kɑn/ A disadvantage of something, usually compared with its advantages.

/kwɪd/ one pound sterling, in informal British usage; the plural is also quid

/plɛd͡ʒ/ A serious, formal promise to do something.

/ˈtɹɪbjuːt/ Something said, done, or given to show respect or admiration.

/səˈlɪsɪtɚ/ In Britain, a lawyer who gives legal advice and prepares legal documents.

/ɪkˈstɔɹʃən/ The crime of getting money or property from someone by using threats or force.

/ˈlɛdʒɚ/ a book, file, or computer record in which financial transactions are organized by account

/ˈlɪr.ə/ the former basic unit of currency of Italy and Malta

/ˈɔ.dɪt/ An official examination of a company's financial records.

/ˈstɹʌk(t͡)ʃəɹəl/ Relating to the way something is built or the parts that hold it together.

/ˈlɪstɪŋ/ An entry in a list, catalogue, or directory.

/ˈbɹaɪbəɹi/ The crime of giving or taking money or gifts to influence someone dishonestly.

/ˈɪnˌvɔɪs/ A document listing goods or services provided and the money owed for them

subscription C1

/səbˈskɹɪpʃən/ An arrangement to receive or use something for a set period, usually by paying.

/ˌdɛprəˈveɪʃən/ The lack or loss of something needed, such as food, sleep, or basic rights.

/ˈfʌndˌɹeɪzɪŋ/ The activity of collecting money for a cause, often a charity.

/ˈθɹɪft/ careful and economical use of money or other resources; frugality

impoverished C1

/ɪmˈpɑvəɹɪʃt/ Very poor; lacking money.

/ɛkˈspɛndɪt͡ʃɚ/ The amount of money that is spent.

extravagance C1

/ɪkˈstɹævəɡən(t)s/ The spending of much more money than is necessary or wise.

/ˈwɪndˌfɔl/ an unexpected gain, advantage, or piece of good fortune, especially a sum of money

/ˈbækɚ/ a person or organization that supports a person, cause, or project, especially by providing money

/dɪˈdʌktəbəl/ permitted to be subtracted from income or another total when calculating tax

Shopping & Services (7)

/kəmˈplaɪ/ To do what a rule, order, or request demands.

/kənˈsɛkjətɪv/ Following one after another without a break.

/ʌnˈplʌɡ/ To disconnect an electrical device by pulling its plug out of the socket.

/ˈkɑːməˌseri/ a store that supplies food and other goods to members of a military base, prison, or similar institution

/wɛɹz/ Goods or products that are offered for sale.

respectively C1

/ɹɪˈspɛktɪvli/ In the order already mentioned, matching each item to the one before it.

/ˈʃɑpˌkiːpɪŋ/ the business or occupation of owning, managing, or working in a retail shop

House & Home (31)

/ˈd͡ʒɪp.si/ A person who travels from place to place rather than living in one fixed home.

/ˈplɑːzə/ A town's public square.

/ˈhoʊstɪs/ a woman who invites guests and entertains them, especially at her home or an event

/ˈθɹɛʃ(h)oʊld/ The floor of a doorway, which you step over to enter a room or building.

/ˈpla.stə/ a soft mixture of lime, sand, and water that hardens and is used to cover walls and ceilings

/ˈɛɹiəl/ existing or living or growing or operating in the air

/ˈtɪŋkɚ/ To make small adjustments to something, often without a clear plan, to try to fix or improve it.

/ˈɛn.tɪ.ti/ A thing that exists as a single, separate unit, often an organization.

/ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ The process of letting fresh air into a room or building and removing stale air.

/ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt/ Stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion.

/ˈlæv.ə.t(ɔ)ɹ.i/ A room with a toilet, especially in formal or British usage.

/kɹɑk/ a thick earthenware pot or jar used for cooking or storage

/ˈɡeɪbəl/ the usually triangular upper part of an exterior wall between the sloping sides of a roof

/ˈaʊtˌhaʊs/ a small building situated apart from a main house and used for storage, work, or another practical purpose

/ˈkʌbi/ a small enclosed room, recess, or other confined space

/əˈd͡ʒoɪ.nɪŋ/ Next to and touching something else; sharing a wall or boundary.

/əˈpoʊlstəri/ the padded covering of furniture, including its fabric, springs, webbing, and stuffing

/ˈdɑːrˌkruːm/ a room with no light, used for developing photographs

/ˈtɹɪŋkət/ a small decorative object or piece of jewelry, often inexpensive or showy

/əˈnɑːkjəˌpaɪd/ Not being used or filled; empty.

/ˈpipˌhoʊl/ a small opening, especially in a door, through which someone can look without being seen

/ənˈtɛstɪd/ not tried or tested by experience

/ˈsɪs.tɚn/ a tank or underground reservoir for collecting and storing water or another liquid

/ˌpoʊ.pʊˈriː/ a fragrant mixture of dried flower petals, herbs, and spices used to scent a room

Food & Drink (47)

/ɡus/ A large water bird with webbed feet and a long neck, bigger than a duck.

/pɹeɪ/ An animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal.

/ˈkɪdni/ One of the two organs in the body that filter waste from the blood and produce urine.

/soʊl/ Being the only one; single.

/ˈfæmɪn/ a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death

/ˈmʌntʃ/ To eat something steadily, often noisily, with the mouth closed.

/ˈbɝɡəndi/ wine produced in the Burgundy region of eastern France, especially its red or white table wine

/ˈkɹʌmbəl/ To break or fall apart into small pieces.

/ˈkʌlɪˌnɛri/ relating to cooking, kitchens, or the preparation of food

/ˈtaɪ.d(ə)l/ of or relating to or caused by tides

/ˈɪntæɪk/ The amount of something, especially food, drink, or air, that is taken into the body.

/ˈbʌbli/ Cheerful, lively, and full of energy.

/ˈkɹæn.bɛr.i/ a small, tart red berry used in sauces, drinks, and baked foods

/miːd/ an alcoholic drink made by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with added herbs, spices, or fruit

/kɹʌm/ A tiny piece that breaks off bread, cake, or similar food.

/lɑɹd/ soft white fat rendered from pigs and used in cooking

/jist/ any of various single-celled fungi that ferment sugars and reproduce chiefly by budding

/ˈkeɪɾɚ/ To provide what someone wants or needs, especially a particular group.

/ˈkɔːldrən/ a large deep pot used for boiling food or liquid, traditionally over an open fire

/ljuː/ instead of

/ˈlʌʃ.əs/ richly sweet, delicious, or pleasing to taste

/ˈtʃaʊdɚ/ a rich, thick soup or stew, commonly made with fish or shellfish, potatoes, and milk or cream

/kɑrt/ a menu or bill of fare

/lɔɪn/ a cut of meat from the back of an animal between the ribs and the hip

Clothing & Appearance (42)

/ˈd͡ʒɝzi/ A shirt worn by a member of a sports team, often showing the player's name and number.

/ˈfeɪ.ʃəl/ Relating to or affecting the face.

/ˈkloʊk/ A long, loose outer garment worn over the shoulders, often with a hood.

/ruːʒ/ a red or pink cosmetic applied to the cheeks; blusher

/fɛz/ a brimless felt hat shaped like a short cone, typically red and often fitted with a tassel

/ˌʌn.dɚˈmaɪn/ To gradually weaken or damage something.

/ˈbɪɹdəd/ Having a beard; with hair growing on the chin and cheeks.

/θɔŋ/ a narrow strip of leather or another flexible material, especially one used as a fastening

/ˌsɪ.lʊˈwɛt/ The dark shape and outline of someone or something seen against a lighter background.

/ˈoʊvəɹɔːlz/ Loose trousers with a bib and shoulder straps, often worn for work.

/ˈkɔrsɪt/ a close-fitting, often stiffened undergarment worn to support or shape the torso and waist

/pleɪt/ chiefly British: to braid hair, cord, or another flexible material by crossing strands over one another

/ˈɡɑrtɚ/ a band worn around the leg to hold up a sock or stocking

/dʌdz/ informal, plural: clothes, especially ordinary, rough, or distinctive clothes

/ˈvaɪ.zɚ/ a movable part of a helmet that covers and protects the face

/ˈpɛ.dɪ.kjʊɹ/ A beauty treatment for the feet and toenails.

/ˈpɛt.ɪ.koʊt/ a light undergarment worn beneath a dress or skirt

/səmˈbɹɛɹ.oʊ/ in English, a broad-brimmed hat of a type associated especially with Mexico and the southwestern United States

/ˈtræpɪŋz/ the outward signs, accessories, or equipment associated with a role, rank, or activity

/ˈhɛd.ɡɪr/ anything worn on the head, such as a hat, helmet, hood, or ceremonial covering

/ˈvɪz.ɪd͡ʒ/ the appearance conveyed by a person's face

/ˈkɔːdɹɔɪ/ a durable cotton fabric with raised parallel ribs running along its surface

aesthetically C1

/ɛsˈθɛtɪkli/ In a way that relates to beauty or is pleasing to the senses.

/ˈtæsəl/ a decorative bunch of threads or cords tied together at one end and left hanging at the other

Travel (7)

/ˈrɑːn.deɪ.vuː/ an arranged meeting at a particular time and place

/pɹəˈvɪʒ.ənz/ Supplies of food and other essentials, especially for a journey or hard times.

/ˈtɝmɪneɪ̯t/ To end or stop something.

/aɪˈtɪnəˌɹɛɹi/ A detailed plan or schedule of a journey, listing the places and times.

/ɪmˈbɑɹk/ To start something new and important, such as a project or journey.

/ˈɛksədəs/ The departure of a large number of people at the same time.

/ˌɛmbɑrˈkeɪʃən/ the act or process of going aboard a ship or aircraft

Transportation (32)

/ˈkɑɹɡoʊ/ Goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.

/ˈbæt͡ʃ.ə.lɚ/ A person, especially a man, who is socially regarded as able to marry, but has not yet.

/ˈʃʌt.əl/ a bus, train, aircraft, or other service that travels regularly between two points

/ˈsæd(ə)l/ a seat fastened on a horse, bicycle, or similar vehicle for a rider

/ˈbiːkən/ a fire, light, or signal used to warn or guide people

/ˈt͡ʃɑɹtɚ/ An official document that establishes an organization and sets out its rights and purposes.

/klʌt͡ʃ/ To hold something tightly, usually with your hands.

/ˈmænəˌfɛst/ Clear and obvious; easily seen or understood.

/ˈsælvɪd͡ʒ/ To save something from being lost, damaged, or destroyed.

/ˈreːdijeː(j)tɐ/ A metal device that gives off heat to warm a room, usually carrying hot water or steam.

/prəˈpʌl.ʃən/ the action or process of driving something forward

/kiːl/ the main lengthwise structure along the bottom of a ship or boat, supporting its frame and helping stabilize it

/ˈfaɪ(ə)ɹˌwɔl/ A security system that controls the traffic coming into and out of a computer network

/ˈnɔː.tɪ.kəl/ relating to ships, sailors, navigation, or travel by sea

/ˈɡæŋweɪ/ a passage for walking between rows of seats, shelves, cabins, or other confined areas

/ˈdɪŋ.i/ a small open boat propelled by oars or a motor, often carried or towed by a larger vessel

/ˈɡɑːn.də.lə/ a long, narrow, flat-bottomed Venetian boat propelled and steered with a single oar

/ˈeɪ.viˌeɪ.tɚ/ a person who flies or operates an aircraft, especially a military or early aircraft pilot

/ˈd͡ʒɛti/ a structure projecting into water to protect a shore or harbor, influence currents, or provide a landing place

/kənˈdʒɛstʃən/ a state in which a road, place, or system is overcrowded or blocked, preventing free movement

/ˈtɪlɚ/ a lever used to turn a boat's rudder and control its direction

/ˈsteɪtˌruːm/ a private sleeping cabin on a passenger ship or train

/ˈvaɪəˌdʌkt/ a long bridge, typically supported by a series of arches or spans, that carries a road or railway across a valley, low ground, or another obstacle

/ˈɑm.nə.bəs/ a bus, especially a large horse-drawn public vehicle of the nineteenth century

Verbs of Movement (26)

/hɔlt/ To stop, or to make something stop.

/ɹeɪd/ A sudden surprise attack or visit, especially by police or soldiers, to make arrests or seize property.

/ɡɹɪd/ A pattern of lines that cross each other to form squares.

/ku/ A sudden, often violent seizure of government power by a small group.

/ˈpɔɹtəbəl/ Easy to carry or move from place to place.

/ˈklʌstɚ/ A group of similar things positioned close together.

/ˈɹoʊ.teɪt/ To turn or spin around a central point.

/swuːp/ to move rapidly downward through the air, often curving upward again

/paʊns/ To jump suddenly forward to catch or attack someone or something.

/pɹaʊl/ To move around quietly and secretly, especially when hunting or looking for something.

/ˈnɛɡ.lɪ.d͡ʒənt/ Failing to take proper care over something; carelessly inattentive.

/ˈflɪkɚ/ To shine or burn with an unsteady, wavering light.

/bɪˈkwiːθ/ To leave money or property to someone in your will after you die.

/swɝːv/ to change direction suddenly, especially to avoid hitting something

/ˈsʊməˌsɒlt/ A movement in which you roll your body in a full circle, with your feet going over your head.

/ˈmoʊzi/ informal, especially US: to walk or move in a relaxed, unhurried way

/ˈwɑː.dəl/ to walk with short steps while the body sways from side to side

/ˈkɑːŋgrəˌgeɪt/ to come together in a group, usually for a particular purpose

/ˈkæn.tɚ/ a controlled three-beat gait of a horse, faster than a trot but slower than a gallop

/ˈsaɪd.step/ to step quickly to one side in order to avoid someone or something

/trʌdʒ/ to walk slowly and heavily because one is tired or conditions are difficult

/dɪˈvɝd͡ʒ/ To separate and go off in different directions.

/ˈfʊtˌfɔl/ the sound of a person's footsteps, or a single step making such a sound

/ˌriːˈmaʊnt/ to get back onto a horse, bicycle, or similar conveyance

Sports & Fitness (10)

/ɑdz/ The chance or likelihood that something will happen.

/vɪkˈtɔːɹiəs/ Having won a contest, game, or struggle.

/ˌsɪm.jəˈleɪ.ʃn̩/ The act of copying a real situation or process, often to study or practice it.

/ˈflæt.ɚ.i/ Excessive or insincere praise, often used to win favour.

/dɪsˈkɑɹd/ To throw away or get rid of something you no longer want.

/spɑɹ/ to practice boxing or another combat sport with controlled blows

/dʒaʊst/ a formal combat or sporting contest in which two mounted opponents charge each other with lances

/ˌdʌbəlˈtiːm/ to join with one other person in dealing with a task, person, or situation

horsemanship C1

/ˈhɔːrs.mən.ʃɪp/ skill in riding, handling, and sometimes training horses

victoriously C1

In a way that shows victory or triumph.

Health & Medicine (71)

/koʊˈkeɪn/ an addictive stimulant drug obtained from coca leaves or made synthetically, used illegally and sometimes medically as a local anesthetic

/ˈɔtɑpsi/ a medical examination and dissection of a body after death to determine the cause of death or effects of disease

psychiatrist C1

/ˌsaɪˈkaɪ.ə.tɹɪst/ A medical doctor who specializes in treating mental illness.

/əˈsaɪləm/ Protection given by a country to someone who has fled danger in their own country.

/ˈsɝd͡ʒɪkəl/ Relating to or used in surgery.

/daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/ The act of identifying a disease or medical condition, or the conclusion reached.

/ˌsaɪ.kiˈæt.ɹɪk/ Relating to mental illness and its treatment.

intervention C1

/ɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ The act of becoming involved in a situation in order to change or help it.

/ˈæzmə/ a long-term respiratory condition in which narrowed, inflamed airways cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, or shortness of breath

/ˈklɪnɪkəl/ Relating to the treatment of patients in a clinic or hospital.

/ˌsu.əˈsaɪ.dəl/ relating to suicide, or experiencing thoughts or intentions of ending one's own life

/tɹɔˈmætɪk/ Deeply shocking and emotionally painful.

/ˈsɛdətɪv/ a drug that calms a person or reduces nervous system activity, sometimes causing sleep

/ˈɡɹusəm/ Extremely unpleasant and shocking, usually involving death, injury, or blood.

/ˈdæmɪdʒɪŋ/ Causing harm or injury.

/ˌpoʊstˈmɔːrtəm/ a medical examination of a body after death to determine the cause of death

/ˈsɪfəlɪs/ a sexually transmitted bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum that can progress through several stages if untreated

/ˈʌlsɚ/ an open sore on the skin or a mucous membrane in which tissue has been damaged or destroyed

/ˈmɔɹtʃuˌɛɹi/ a room or building where dead bodies are kept before burial, cremation, or examination

/ɪnˈsɑːm.ni.ə/ persistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or obtaining restorative sleep

/ˈvaɪəl/ a small glass or plastic container, especially one used for medicine, perfume, or a laboratory sample

/luːˈkiː.mi.ə/ any of a group of cancers of blood-forming tissues that produce abnormal blood cells, often abnormal white cells

complication C1

/ˌkɑm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən/ A problem or difficulty that makes a situation harder to deal with.

/ˈhɛm.ɚ.ɪdʒ/ a heavy or uncontrolled loss of blood from a damaged blood vessel

The Human Body (42)

/spɜɹm/ a male reproductive cell that can fertilize an egg cell

/ˈdoʊnɚ/ A person who gives money or goods, especially to a charity.

/spaɪn/ The line of bones down the centre of the back; the backbone.

/ˈskwɑːdrən/ A body of troops drawn up in a square.

/ˈspɛsɪmɪn/ A single example of something, used to show what the whole group is like.

/ɹɪˈvilɪŋ/ Showing or making known something interesting or important.

/fʊŋ.ɡəs/ Any member of the kingdom Fungi; a eukaryotic organism typically having chitin cell walls but no chlorophyll or plastids. Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.

/spliːn/ a dark-red organ near the stomach that filters blood and supports the immune system

/ˈɡleɪ.ʃɚ/ A large body of ice which flows under its own mass, usually downhill.

/ɪnˈsɪʒən/ A cut made into the body, especially by a surgeon during an operation.

/ɡɹæft/ To join part of one plant onto another so they grow together as one.

/həˈɹɛdɪˌtɛɹi/ Of a title, honor or right: legally granted to somebody's descendant after that person's death.

/ɹəˈsɪp.i.ənt/ A person who receives something.

/ˈpʊlməneri/ relating to, affecting, or occurring in the lungs

/ˈdaɪəˌfɹæm/ the sheet of muscle below the lungs that contracts and relaxes during breathing

/ˈdɑmɪnəns/ The state of having more power, influence, or success than others.

/ˈɡæstrɪk/ relating to the stomach, especially its structure, secretions, or disorders

/ˈdʒʌɡjəlɚ/ one of the large veins in the neck that carry blood from the head back toward the heart

/ˈsɝvɪkəl/ relating to the neck or to the neck-like part of an organ

/ˈkɑɹ.təl.ɪd͡ʒ/ firm, flexible connective tissue found in joints and in structures such as the nose and outer ear

/ɪnˈtɛs.tɪ.nəl/ relating to, occurring in, or affecting the intestines

/ˈdʒɛn.ɪ.təl/ of or relating to the external reproductive or sexual organs

/ˌɹuːdɪˈmɛntəɹi/ Basic; involving only the simplest or most essential parts.

/ˈklæmi/ Unpleasantly cold and damp, often describing skin.

Technology & Computing (18)

/ˈkɐv.(ə.)ɹɪdʒ/ The way an event or topic is reported in newspapers, on TV, or online.

/ˈpɹɑsɛsɪŋ/ The act of dealing with something through a set series of steps.

/ɡæd͡ʒ.ɪt/ A small, often clever device or tool that does a particular job.

/ˌdoʊ̯ˈmeɪ̯n/ An area of activity, knowledge, or responsibility.

/dɪˈplɔɪ/ To move troops or equipment into position ready for action.

administrator C1

/ədˈmɪn.ɪ.stɹeɪ.tɚ/ A person who manages or runs an organization, business, or government office.

/ˈɪn(t)ɚˌfeɪs/ The part of a computer system or program that a person uses to control it.

/dɝˈɛktɝi/ A book or list of names, addresses, and other details, usually in alphabetical order.

/ˈpɹɑˌsɛsɚ/ The part of a computer that performs most of the calculations and runs programs.

/spɛk/ informal: a detailed specification describing required features, dimensions, or performance

configuration C1

/kənˌfɪɡ.jəˈɹeɪ̯.ʃən/ The way the parts of something are arranged or put together.

/ˈæl.əˌkeɪt/ To give out or set aside money, time, or resources for a particular purpose.

/rɪˈpiː.tɚ/ an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it, often after amplifying it

/ˈleɪtənsi/ delay between a request, signal, or action and the response to it

/ˈsʌbklæs/ a class derived from another class in object-oriented programming

/ˈdi-jə-tə-ˌlīz/ To convert information or processes into a digital form for use on computers.

digitalization C1

/ˌdɪdʒɪtəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ The process of converting information or processes into digital form.

programmatically C1

/pɹoʊɡɹəˈmætɪk(ə)li/ by means of computer code rather than manual action

Media & Publishing (21)

/tɑm/ an abbreviation of tome or volume in older bibliographic citations, especially citations to French works

/ˈmæn.jəˌskɹɪpt/ A written or typed version of a book or article before it is published.

/ˈkɑmənˌteɪtəɹ/ A person who describes an event live on radio or television.

/θiˈætɹɪkəl/ Relating to the theatre or acting on a stage.

/ˈkɑ.mənˌtɛ.ɹi/ A spoken description of an event as it happens, especially on radio or television.

/ɡəˈzɛt/ a newspaper, especially one whose title contains Gazette

autobiography C1

/ˌɔtəbaɪˈɑːɡrəfi/ an account of a person's life written by that person

/ˈpɑɹtʃmənt/ the specially prepared skin of a sheep, goat, or calf, formerly used as a durable writing surface

/ˈblɑkˌbʌs.tɚ/ A book, film, or show that is very popular and successful.

/ˈn(j)uzˌlɛtɚ/ A printed or emailed report sent out regularly with news for a particular group or about a particular topic.

/saɪt/ To name a book, article, or author as the source of information.

/ˈmɛmˌwɑɹ/ A book in which someone writes about their own life and experiences.

/klɛnt͡ʃ/ To close or press something tightly together, especially your hands or teeth.

/ˈɔːlmənæk/ an annual publication containing a calendar and practical information such as astronomical data, tides, or notable dates

/kənˈtɹɪb.jə.tɚ/ A person or thing that helps to cause or create something.

/ˈpruːfriːd/ to read written or printed material carefully and correct errors before it is published or submitted

/ˈskɛt͡ʃˌbʊk/ A book of blank pages used for drawing sketches.

characterization C1

/ˌkæɹəktəɹəˈzeɪʃən/ The way a writer describes and develops the characters in a story.

sensationalism C1

/sɛnˈseɪ.ʃən.əˌlɪz.əm/ the use of exaggerated, shocking, or lurid material to attract attention, especially in journalism

/ˈmɑnəˌɡræf/ a detailed scholarly work devoted to one subject or a closely related group of subjects

republication C1

/ˌriːˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən/ the act of publishing again

Art & Music (37)

/ˈkærəl/ a joyful song, especially a traditional religious song sung at Christmas

/ˈkænvəs/ A strong, rough cloth used for tents, sails, bags, and shoes.

/ˈmæskjələn/ (music or poetry) ending on an accented beat or syllable

/ˈɑnkoɹ/ an extra or repeated performance given after the scheduled program, usually in response to applause

/ɛsˈθɛ.tɪk/ Relating to beauty or the appreciation of beautiful things.

/dʒɪɡ/ a lively traditional dance with quick steps and jumps, or the music for it

/kənˈt͡ʃɛɹtoʊ/ A piece of music written for one or more solo instruments and an orchestra.

/ˈprɛs.toʊ/ used to announce a sudden or seemingly magical result

/ˈtæp.ə.stri/ a thick woven textile with a picture or decorative design, especially one hung on a wall

/ˈpælɪt/ a thin board or other flat surface on which an artist arranges and mixes paints

/kəˈlɪɡ.rə.fi/ the art or practice of producing beautiful, decorative handwriting

/ˈkeɪdəns/ the rhythmic flow or pattern of sounds in speech, writing, or movement

/ˈfrɛskoʊ/ the technique of painting with water-based pigment on fresh, damp plaster

/fɔlˈsɛt.oʊ/ a male singing voice with artificially high tones in an upper register

/ˈfænsɪfl̩/ Imagined rather than based on facts; unrealistic.

/ˈmæn.dəˌlɪn/ a small plucked string instrument of the lute family, usually with four paired courses tuned like a violin

/roʊˈmæn.tə.sɪ.zəm/ the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century movement in European art, literature, and music that emphasized imagination, emotion, individual experience, and nature

/ˈsmɑː(ɹ)tli/ in a stylish manner

/ˈpætʃˌwɝk/ the craft or method of sewing differently shaped pieces of fabric together into a larger design

artistically C1

/ɑː(ɹ)ˈtɪstɪkli/ In a skilful or creative way that shows artistic taste.

/ˈmɑː.nəˌɡræm/ a design made by combining or interweaving a person's or organization's initials as an identifying mark

/ˈkʌplət/ two successive lines of verse that form a unit, often sharing a meter and rhyme

/ˌdaɪəˈrɑmə/ a three-dimensional model or display of a scene, often with figures arranged before a painted background

/kruːn/ to sing or hum softly in a low, gentle, or sentimental voice

Entertainment & Leisure (17)

/ˈfʊtɪd͡ʒ/ A piece of film or video that has been recorded.

/sɪˈnɛəɹioʊ/ A description of a possible sequence of events that might happen.

/ˈæ.mə.t͡ʃɚ/ A person who does an activity for pleasure rather than as a paid job.

/tɹʌmp/ a suit or card in a card game that outranks the others

/ˈhɪɹoʊɪn/ The main female character in a story, film, or play.

/ˈɡeɪ.lə/ a special public celebration or entertainment, often held for a formal or charitable purpose

/ˈɡɑːr.lənd/ a decorative chain or ring of flowers, leaves, or other material, worn or hung as an ornament

/fɑɹs/ A situation that is absurd or ridiculous, often because it is so badly handled.

/ˌkæbəˈreɪ/ live entertainment consisting of songs, comedy, dance, or short acts presented in a restaurant, nightclub, or intimate theater

/ˈsiːkwəl/ A book, film, or play that continues the story of an earlier one.

/ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən/ The process of changing to fit a new situation or environment.

/poːˈtɹæ̝ɪ̯/ To describe or represent someone or something in a particular way.

/pɹoʊˈtæɡ.ə.nɪst/ The main character in a story, film, or play.

/ˈtɪn.səl/ thin strips or threads of shiny material used as decoration

/ˌmæɹiəˈnɛt/ a puppet moved from above by strings attached to its limbs

/ˈaʊtˌdɔːrz.mən/ chiefly North American, a man experienced in outdoor pursuits such as hiking, hunting, fishing, or camping

blindman's buff C1

/ˌblaɪndmænz ˈbʌf/ a game in which a blindfolded player tries to catch and identify the other players

Science & Research (67)

/ˈɡɹævəti/ The natural force that pulls objects toward the earth or toward each other.

/ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ The lightest chemical element (symbol H), a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas.

/ˈɪn.tɚˌkɔɹs/ Communication, conversation.

/ˈfjuːʒən/ The act of joining separate things into one, or the result of doing so.

/vɔlˈkænɪk/ of or relating to igneous rock produced by eruption and solidified on or near the earth's surface

/ˈθɝməl/ relating to heat, temperature, or the transfer of heat

/sæp/ To slowly drain away someone's strength, energy, or determination.

/ˈfiːtəs/ An unborn or unhatched vertebrate showing signs of the mature animal.

/ləʊb/ (anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part

/ˈɛmbɹi.oʊ/ a plant, animal, or human in the earliest stages of development

/məˈtæb.əˌlɪz.əm/ the set of chemical processes by which a living organism converts substances into energy and materials needed for life, growth, and repair

/ˈd͡ʒiː.noʊm/ The complete set of genetic information in an organism.

/baɪˈsɛk.ʃ(əw).əl/ in biology, involving or possessing both male and female sexes or reproductive structures

/ˈæn.tiˌmæt.ɚ/ matter composed of antiparticles corresponding to the particles in ordinary matter

interstellar C1

/ˌɪntɝˈstɛlɝ/ situated, occurring, or traveling between stars

/ˌʌl.trəˈvaɪə.lət/ relating to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible violet light, conventionally about 10 to 400 nanometers

/ˈpæθˌweɪ/ A path or track for walking.

/ˈælkəmɪst/ a person who practices alchemy, historically seeking transformations such as turning base metals into gold

/ˈɡʌstoʊ/ Great energy and enthusiastic enjoyment in doing something.

/stəˈtɪstɪkəl/ Relating to statistics or the analysis of numerical data.

/ˈaɪəˌdaɪn/ the chemical element with atomic number 53, a dark halogen that forms a violet vapor when heated

radioactivity C1

/ˌreɪdɪəʊakˈtɪvɪti/ Spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation as a consequence of a nuclear reaction, or directly from the breakdown of an unstable nucleus.

/ˈprɪzəm/ a transparent optical element with flat faces that refracts light, often separating it into colors

/ˈɑptɪks/ the branch of physics concerned with light, vision, and the behavior of electromagnetic radiation

Mathematics & Measurement (59)

/trɔɪ/ designating a system of weights used chiefly for precious metals and gemstones

/kæm/ A ridge or mound of earth.

/hɛn/ A female chicken (Gallus gallus), especially a sexually mature one kept for her eggs.

/ˈkæl.ə.bɚ/ the level of quality, ability, or importance of a person or thing

/ɪnˈfɪnɪti/ endlessness, unlimitedness, absence of a beginning, end or limits to size.

theoretically C1

/ˌθiːɝˈɛtɪkəli/ in a theoretical manner

/ˈhiː.li.əm/ a very light, colorless, and odorless element that is one of the six inert gasses

/ˌvɛd͡ʒəˈteɪʃən/ plants in general, especially the plants that grow in a particular area

/ˈæl.d͡ʒɪ.bɹə/ A system or process (especially one that is complex or convoluted) that substitutes one thing for another, or uses signs or symbols to represent concepts or ideas.

/ˈɪnfɪnɪtli/ continuing forever without end

/ˈlaɪklihʊd/ The chance or probability that something will happen.

/ˈkli.vɪd͡ʒ/ the state of being split or cleft

/səˈmɛtrək(ə)l/ Exhibiting symmetry; having harmonious or proportionate arrangement of parts; having corresponding parts or relations.

/ˈkɹoʊməˌsoʊm/ a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order

/ˈfoʊliɪd͡ʒ/ The leaves of plants.

/ˈkoʊldnəs/ a lack of affection or enthusiasm

/əˈvɔɪdəns/ The act of avoiding or shunning; keeping clear of.

/ˈkuːlnəs/ calm and unruffled self-assurance

/dɪˈfɔɹməti/ The state of being deformed.

/ˈvæstnəs/ unusual largeness in size or extent or number

/ˈkɜɹ.və.tʃəɹ/ The shape of something curved.

/ˈmiːnnəs/ The condition, or quality, of being mean (any of its definitions)

/ˈɑɹtɪzən/ A skilled manual worker who uses tools and machinery in a particular craft.

symbolically C1

/ˌsɪmˈbɒlɪklɪ/ in a symbolic manner

Nature & Landscape (28)

/ɡlɪn/ a narrow, secluded valley, especially in Scotland or Ireland and often containing a stream

/sɑd/ a piece or layer of grass-covered surface soil held together by its roots

/təˈɹeɪn/ An area of land, especially with regard to its natural features.

/ɪŋ/ northern English dialect: a low meadow, especially one beside a river and liable to flooding

/ˈaɪs.bɝːɡ/ a very large mass of floating ice that has broken away from a glacier or ice shelf

/pəˈnɪn.sə.lə/ A long piece of land that sticks out into the sea, with water on most sides.

/ˈsɑləmli/ in a grave and sedate manner

/ˌd͡ʒi.əˈlɑdʒ.ɪk.əl/ relating to the rocks, soil, and physical structure of the Earth and how they have formed

/ˈhaɪlənd/ an elevated, hilly, or mountainous area of land

/ˈwɔtɝˌfrənt/ The land or part of a town next to a river, lake, or sea.

/ˈɑtɚ/ A small river or sea animal with webbed feet and thick brown fur that eats fish.

/ˈɡʌl.i/ a narrow channel or small ravine cut into the ground by running water

/əˈkwɑ.tɪk/ operating or living or growing in water

/ˈwɝlpuːl/ a powerful circular current of water

/tɪˈɹɛstɹɪ.əl/ operating or living or growing on land

/noʊl/ a small, rounded natural hill or mound

/ˈmaʊn.tɪ.nəs/ like a mountain in size and impressiveness

transatlantic C1

/ˌtrænzətˈlæntɪk/ Crossing or spanning the Atlantic Ocean.

/ˌɪnˈtuːɪtɪvli/ In a way based on instinct or natural understanding, rather than reasoning.

/ˈtrɪbjəteri/ a river or stream that flows into a larger river or lake

/ˈkræɡi/ full of steep rocks or crags; rough and rugged

geologically C1

In terms of geology; from the point of view of the earth's rocks and structure.

/ˈveɪnli/ In a vain pursuit; to no avail.

/ˈsændˌbɑːr/ a long, narrow ridge of sand formed in a river, lake, or sea by moving water or waves

Animals (68)

/ˈbʊk/ To resist or oppose something, especially a trend or rule.

/fɪst/ the signature style of a Morse code operator

/ˈkɑnstəbəl/ One holding the lowest rank in most Commonwealth police forces. (See also chief constable.)

/dɹeɪk/ an adult male duck

/ˈhɔk/ a bird of prey with keen eyesight, broad wings, and a hooked bill

/ˈpɹɛd.ə.tɚ/ An animal that hunts and kills other animals for food.

/pʊs/ an informal or affectionate term for a cat

/ɹɪˈpɛnt/ To feel pain, sorrow, or regret for what one has done or omitted to do; the cause for repenting may be indicated with "of".

/ɔɹˈdil/ A trial in which the accused was subjected to a dangerous test (such as ducking in water), divine authority deciding the guilt of the accused.

/ænˈtɛn.ə/ one of a pair of mobile appendages on the head of e.g. insects and crustaceans

/ɹaɪ/ A grain used extensively in Europe for making bread, beer, and (now generally) for animal fodder.

/ˈnɔzi.ə/ A feeling of illness or discomfort in the digestive system, usually characterized by a strong urge to vomit.

/ˈjuː.tə.ɹəs/ a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females

/ɡɪl/ a respiratory organ by which fish and many other aquatic animals extract dissolved oxygen from water

/mɪŋk/ a small, dark-furred semiaquatic carnivorous mammal related to weasels

/ˈstæljən/ an adult uncastrated male horse, especially one kept for breeding

/kwɪl/ the stiff hollow shaft of a feather, or a large feather with such a shaft

/ˈnæɪ.zəl/ sounding as if the nose were pinched

/hʊf/ the hard covering at the end of the foot of a horse, deer, sheep, or other ungulate

/ˈstɑɹlɪŋ/ a gregarious songbird, often dark and glossy, belonging to the family Sturnidae

/kəˈɹæl/ to collect or gather

/ɛəˈɹɛs/ A woman who has a right of inheritance or who stands to inherit.

/laʊs/ a small, wingless parasitic insect that lives on the skin, hair, or feathers of a person or animal

/ˈmeɪndʒi/ affected by mange, or looking as though affected by it

Plants & Agriculture (44)

/ɹɪk/ a stack of hay, straw, or similar material stored outdoors, often under thatch

/ˈhɛðɚ/ a low evergreen plant with small purple, pink, or white flowers, common on moorland

/kɹiːp/ To move slowly, quietly, and carefully.

/ˈpɛzənt/ A poor farmer or farm worker, especially in the past or in poorer countries.

/ˈoʊ.pi.əm/ A yellow-brown, addictive narcotic drug obtained from the dried juice of unripe pods of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, and containing alkaloids such as morphine, codeine, and papaverine.

/hiːθ/ A tract of level uncultivated land with sandy soil and scrubby vegetation; heathland.

/ˈvaɪəbəl/ Able to be done successfully; workable.

/ˈstjuː.əːd/ A ship's officer who is in charge of making dining arrangements and provisions.

/ˈɔɹ.t͡ʃɚd/ An area of land where fruit or nut trees are grown.

/ˈpɑlən/ the fine powder produced by flowers that contains male reproductive cells

/ˈɹiːp/ To get or receive something as a result of your actions.

/moʊ/ to cut grass or a standing crop with a machine or bladed tool

/ˌdɑːməˈneɪʃən/ Control or power over others through strength, influence, or resources.

/ˈsiːdɚ/ a tall evergreen conifer, especially a true cedar of the genus Cedrus or one of several similar trees

/ˈɡɹeɪpfɹut/ A large round citrus fruit with a thick yellow or pink skin and a slightly sour, juicy inside.

/ˈæs.pən/ a poplar tree whose leaves tremble readily because they grow on flattened stalks

/ˈpæn.zi/ a small garden plant of the violet family with rounded, often multicolored petals

/ˈkæm.əˌmaɪl/ any of several aromatic daisy-like plants whose flowers are used in herbal preparations

/bəˈtænɪkəl/ relating to plants or to the scientific study of plants

/dɪˈskɹepənsi/ An inconsistency between facts or sentiments.

/ˈmʌlˌbɛri/ a sweet edible berry, usually dark purple or red, that resembles a blackberry

/ˈhʌkl̩ˌbɛɹi/ a small edible blue, black, or red berry produced by several North American shrubs

/ˈprɪmˌroʊz/ a low-growing plant of the genus Primula, typically bearing pale yellow flowers early in spring

/ɡleɪd/ An open passage through a wood; a grassy open or cleared space in a forest.

Weather & Climate (14)

/ˈtʃɪli/ Cold enough to feel uncomfortable.

/əˈrɔrə/ a display of colored light in the polar sky caused by charged solar particles interacting with the upper atmosphere

/ˈfɹɔsti/ Very cold, with frost in the air.

/ˌætməsˈfɪɹɪk/ Creating a strong and pleasing mood or feeling.

/skwɔːl/ a sudden, brief increase in wind speed, often accompanied by rain or snow

/ˈdjuː.i/ wet or covered with dew

/ˈsʌnˌbɝst/ a sudden strong appearance or outburst of sunlight, especially through clouds

/ˈmuːn.ləs/ having no visible moon or moonlight

/ˈæftərˌɡloʊ/ light or color remaining in the sky after the sun has set

/ˈɡʌs.ti/ marked by sudden, brief bursts of strong wind

/ˈsnoʊˌdrɪft/ a mound or bank of snow piled up by the wind

/ˈswɛltɚ/ to suffer or feel extremely uncomfortable because of intense heat

thundercloud C1

/ˈθʌn.dərˌklaʊd/ a large dark cloud, usually a cumulonimbus, that produces thunder and lightning

/ˈfɹɔs.tɪ.li/ In a cold, unfriendly way.

Environment & Ecology (3)

/səˈsteɪnəbəl/ Able to continue for a long time without harming the environment or using up resources.

/æmˈfɪbiəs/ able to live, move, or operate both on land and in water

/ɪnˈfest/ of pests or parasites, to occupy a place or host in harmful or troublesome numbers

Places & Geography (16)

/ˈswiː.dɪʃ/ relating to Sweden, its people, culture, or language

/rɛːm/ An area of activity, knowledge, or interest.

/ˈpæɹɪʃ/ A local church district with its own church and priest.

/ˈmeɪnlənd/ The main area of land of a country or continent, as opposed to its islands.

/ˈsɪvɪk/ Relating to a city or town and its public life.

/mjuˈnɪsɪpəl/ Relating to the government of a town or city.

/ɪnˈdɪd͡ʒənəs/ Belonging to a place from the earliest times, especially before colonizers arrived.

/ˈmɑːrkətˌpleɪs/ The world of business, where goods and services are bought and sold.

A member of a local council, especially one elected to a city or town authority.

/ˈlætɪtud/ the angular distance between an imaginary line around a heavenly body parallel to its equator and the equator itself

/ɔˈtɑ.nə.mi/ The freedom to make your own decisions and act independently.

/ˈsiːˌbɔɹd/ a region of land bordering the sea; a coastline considered as a broad geographic area

/ˈɡʌvəɹnəns/ The way in which an organization or country is managed and controlled.

/spɹɔl/ To sit or lie with your arms and legs spread out in a relaxed or careless way.

/ˈpɑpjələs/ densely populated

/ˈɝː.bə.naɪz/ to make an area more urban by increasing its population, buildings, infrastructure, or city-like character

Law & Government (106)

/sɪn/ An act that breaks a religious or moral law.

/ˈkʌstədiː/ The legal right and duty to care for someone, especially a child.

/əˈkjuzd/ The person charged with a crime in a court of law.

/bɹiːtʃ/ An act of breaking a law, rule, agreement, or promise.

/pliː/ An urgent, emotional request for help.

/ˈkɑːŋ.ɡrəs.mən/ a male member of a congress, especially a member of the United States House of Representatives

/kənˈvɪk.ʃən/ A strong, firmly held belief or opinion.

/ɪnˈfoɹsm(ə)nt/ The act of making people obey a law, rule, or agreement.

/ˈsʌltən/ a sovereign or ruler in certain Muslim countries, historically including the Ottoman Empire

/ˈlɔɹd.ʃɪp/ The state or condition of being a lord.

/ɹɪˈbɛl.i.ən/ An organized, often armed, attempt to overthrow a government or ruler.

/ˈɹuːlɪŋ/ An official decision made by a court or someone in authority.

/ˈmæd͡ʒ.ɪˌstɹeɪt/ An official who acts as a judge in a lower court, dealing with minor offences.

/ˈfɛləni/ A serious criminal offense, which, under United States federal law, is punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one year or by the death penalty in the most serious offenses.

/pəˈtɪʃ.ən/ A formal written request, usually signed by many people, asking an authority to do something.

jurisdiction C1

/d͡ʒʊɹɪsˈdɪkʃən/ The official power to make legal decisions and apply the law.

/əˈmɛndmənt/ A change or addition made to a law, document, or formal proposal.

/ˈkɔɹt.jɑɹd/ An area, open to the sky, partially or wholly surrounded by walls or buildings.

/məˈlɪʃə/ A group of ordinary citizens trained as soldiers to fight in an emergency, rather than professional troops.

/ˈpætənt/ An official right giving an inventor sole control over making and selling an invention for a set period.

/ˈmæn.dəˌt(ɔ)ɹi/ Required by a rule or law; that must be done.

/pɹɪˈmɪəɹ/ Best, most important, or highest in rank.

/fɔːrˈmælɪti/ Something done only because it is required by custom or rule, without real importance.

/ˈdɑmənənt/ Most powerful, important, or noticeable.

Politics & International Affairs (20)

/ˈpɹoʊtəˌkɑl/ A set of rules for how something should be done correctly.

/ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk/ Relating to the work of managing relations between countries.

/ˈɛs.pi.əˌnɑːʒ/ The act or process of learning secret information through clandestine means.

/pɔɹtˈfoʊ.liˌoʊ/ A collection of a person's work shown to potential employers or clients.

/ˌʌltəˈmeɪtəm/ a final demand stating terms that must be accepted, often with a threat of consequences if they are refused

/ɪmˈpɪr.i.ə.lɪ.zəm/ the policy or practice of extending a state's power over other territories through conquest, colonization, or political and economic control

/ˈəʊvə(ɹ)lɔː(ɹ)d/ a person who has general authority over others

/ɹəˈkænt/ To withdraw or repudiate a statement or opinion formerly expressed, especially formally and publicly.

/ˈkɪŋ.ʃɪp/ the office, rank, or institution of a king

/ˈdɛs.pət/ a ruler who holds absolute power and uses it in a cruel, oppressive, or arbitrary way

/ˈsʌf.rɪdʒ/ the legal right to vote in political elections

ratification C1

/ˌrætɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ the act of formally approving and making an agreement, treaty, or decision valid

/ˌʌnˈsit/ to remove someone from an elected office, position of power, or established role

/ɑnˈtɑnt/ an informal alliance or friendly understanding between states or political powers

internationalism C1

/ˌɪn.tɚˈnæʃ.ə.nəˌlɪz.əm/ the principle that nations should cooperate and pursue shared interests across national boundaries

internationalist C1

/ˌɪn.tɚˈnæʃ.ə.nə.lɪst/ a person who supports cooperation and solidarity among nations rather than narrow national self-interest

protectionist C1

/prəˈtek.ʃən.ɪst/ a person who supports tariffs, quotas, or other government barriers to imports in order to protect domestic producers

retrenchment C1

/ɹəˈtɹɛnt͡ʃm(ə)nt/ A curtailment or reduction.

/ˈfed.ə.reɪt/ to unite states, organizations, or groups in a federation while allowing the members some independence

/ɛksˈtʃɛkɚ/ the national treasury or financial department of a government

Crime & Justice (28)

/kɑp/ A police officer.

/ˈpɹɑ.səˌkjuːˌtəɹ/ A lawyer who argues in court that an accused person is guilty of a crime.

/ˌpɹɑ.sɪˈkju.ʃən/ The process of charging and trying someone for a crime in court.

/əˈsæs.ən/ a person who deliberately murders someone, especially a prominent person in a planned surprise attack

/fəˈɹɛn.zɪk/ Relating to the use of science to investigate crimes and provide evidence in court.

/kənˈvɪkt/ To officially decide in a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime.

/ˈɪnˌmeɪt/ A person kept in a prison or jail.

/dɪˈtek.ʃən/ The act of noticing or discovering that something exists or has happened.

/vɛnˈdɛt.ə/ a prolonged and often violent feud in which a family, clan, or group seeks revenge for previous injuries or killings

/dɪˈsmɪsəl/ The act of removing someone from their job.

/ˈhænd.kʌf/ a locking metal or plastic restraint placed around a wrist, usually used as one of a joined pair

/ˈhæŋˌmæn/ an executioner whose duty is to put condemned people to death by hanging

/ˈɪmplɪkeɪt/ To show that someone is involved in something wrong, especially a crime.

/frɪsk/ to search a person's clothing and body for concealed weapons, drugs, or other objects

/kəmˈplɪsəti/ involvement with others in a crime, wrongdoing, or harmful act

/məˈlest/ sensitive: to touch or assault someone sexually without consent, especially a child

/feɪˈtælɪti/ A death caused by an accident, disaster, or violence.

/ɪɡˈzɑnəˌreɪt/ to officially clear someone from blame, an accusation, or criminal responsibility

/ˈtɔrtʃərɚ/ a person who deliberately inflicts severe physical or mental pain, often to punish, intimidate, or obtain information

/ˈθiː.vɚ.i/ the crime or practice of stealing things

premeditation C1

/ˌpriːˌmɛdəˈteɪʃən/ thought, planning, or deliberation before an action is carried out

/kənˈspɪrətɚ/ a person who joins others in a secret plan, especially one that is unlawful or harmful

/ˈkæptɚ/ a person or group that captures and holds a person, animal, or place

/ˈpɝdʒɚ/ to knowingly make a false statement under oath and thereby commit perjury, usually used reflexively

War & Conflict (44)

/ˈkɑmˌbæt/ To take action to stop or reduce something harmful.

/skɑt͡ʃ/ A block for a wheel or other round object; a chock, wedge, prop, or other support, to prevent slipping.

/ˈpɪstəl/ A lively, high-energy person.

/ˈhɑstəl/ Unfriendly and showing strong dislike or opposition.

/ˌæmjuˈnɪʃən/ information that can be used to attack or defend a claim or argument or viewpoint

/ɹæθ/ belligerence aroused by a real or supposed wrong, personified as one of the deadly sins

/foʊm/ a mass of small bubbles formed in or on a liquid

/ˈwɔɹfɛɹ/ The activity of fighting a war or armed conflict.

/siːd͡ʒ/ Military action.

/ˈkɑːmənˌdænt/ the officer in charge of a military unit, fort, camp, school, prison, or district

confrontation C1

/ˌkɑn.fɹənˈteɪ.ʃən/ An angry meeting or argument between people who disagree, often face to face.

/ˈsɔːrdz.mən/ a person skilled in fighting or fencing with a sword

/ˈpɪk.ɪt/ a person or group stationed outside a workplace or other site to protest and discourage entry

reconnaissance C1

/ɹiˈkɒnəsəns/ the act of reconnoitring (especially to gain information about an enemy or potential enemy)

/ˈseɪ.bɚ/ a cavalry sword with a curved, single-edged blade

/ˈæd.vəɹˌsɛɹi/ An enemy, opponent, or rival.

/ˈstrɔŋˌhoʊld/ a place fortified to withstand attack; a fortress

/ˈhoʊl.stɚ/ a fitted case worn on the body for carrying a handgun or another tool safely and accessibly

/ˈtæŋ.ɡl̩/ To twist together into a messy, knotted mass.

/ˈɑɹməstɪs/ a formal agreement between belligerents to stop fighting, usually for a specified or indefinite period and without itself constituting a peace treaty

/ˈmɑːrks.mən/ a person who is highly skilled at shooting accurately with a firearm, bow, or similar weapon

/ˈoɹdnəns/ military weapons, ammunition, and related equipment

/ˌrɛdʒəˈmɛntəl/ belonging to, organized as, or associated with a military regiment

/ˈwɔːrˌpæθ/ a course of hostile action or an angrily confrontational mood, especially in the phrase on the warpath

Religion & Belief (41)

/ˈsæk.ɹɪˌfaɪs/ The act of giving up something valuable for the sake of something more important.

/kɜɹk/ a Scottish church

/ɔlˈmaɪti/ having unlimited power; omnipotent, especially as an epithet for God

/ˈpɹɑ.fɪt/ A person believed to speak on behalf of God and deliver religious messages

/ˈpɹit͡ʃɚ/ A person whose job is to give religious talks and lead worship.

/ˈræb.aɪ/ a Jewish religious scholar and teacher qualified to interpret Jewish law

/ʃraɪn/ a sacred place dedicated to a deity, saint, ancestor, relic, or other revered figure

resurrection C1

/ɹɛzəˈɹɛkʃən/ a revival from inactivity and disuse

congregation C1

/ˌkɑŋɡɹəˈɡeɪʃən/ A group of people gathered together for a religious service.

/ˌɑɹtʃˈbɪʃəp/ a senior Christian bishop who leads an archdiocese or presides over a province of dioceses

/ˈtʃæplɪn/ a member of the clergy or another religious representative appointed to serve an institution, group, or private household

/ˈbæptɪzəm/ a Christian sacrament or rite involving water that marks spiritual cleansing and admission to the Church

/ˈtælɪzmən/ an object believed to provide magical protection, good luck, health, or power

/ˈfraɪɚ/ a male member of a Christian mendicant order, such as the Franciscans or Dominicans

/ˈpeɪpəl/ relating to the pope, the papacy, or the pope's authority

/dɪˈvaʊt/ deeply committed to a religion and its practices

/kənˈfɛsɚ/ a priest who hears confessions and grants or pronounces absolution

/ˈɑrkeɪndʒəl/ an angel of the highest or a particularly high rank in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic tradition

/ˈɹoʊzəɹi/ a string of beads used for counting prayers, especially in Roman Catholic devotion

/ˈsæŋktɪti/ The state of being holy or sacred.

/θiˈɒ.lə.d͡ʒi/ The study of God, religion, and religious beliefs.

/ˌsækrəˈfɪʃəl/ relating to, offered in, or used for a religious or ritual sacrifice

/ˌdɛv.əˈtiː/ A person who is extremely enthusiastic about and devoted to something.

/ˈkrɪs.ən/ to baptize someone in a Christian ceremony and formally give them a name

Culture & History (20)

/ˈɡrɪf.ɪn/ a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle

/ˈskwaɪɚ/ historically, a young nobleman who attended a knight before becoming a knight himself

/ˈtʃeɪm.bɚ.lɪn/ an officer who manages the household of a monarch or noble, often with important ceremonial or administrative duties

/ˈɑɹkaɪv/ A collection of historical documents or records, or the place where they are kept.

/ˈɡlæd.i.eɪ.t̬ɚ/ in ancient Rome, a trained fighter who took part in public arena combats against other people or animals

/ˈɡɑθɪk/ of a European architectural style marked by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and high, elaborate structures

/ˈkriː.meɪt/ to burn a dead body to ashes, usually as a funeral practice

/ˈsen.tɔːr/ in Greek mythology, a creature with a horse's body and a human head, arms, and torso

/rɪˈɡeɪ.li.ə/ ceremonial emblems, ornaments, or objects that indicate royalty, office, or membership

commemoration C1

/kəˌmɛməˈreɪʃən/ the act of formally remembering and honoring a person or event, often through a ceremony

/traɪˈʌm.fəl/ relating to, commemorating, or performed in celebration of a victory

/ˈhuːkə/ a pipe in which smoke is drawn through water and then inhaled through a long flexible tube

/ˈtiː.piː/ a portable conical dwelling traditionally made from poles and animal hides or canvas by Indigenous peoples of the North American Plains

/ˈhɑːbˌɡɑːblɪn/ a small, grotesque supernatural creature in folklore, often mischievous or frightening

/ˈnaɪtli/ relating to knights, knighthood, or medieval chivalry

/ɪmˈbɑːm/ to preserve a dead body by treating it with chemicals, oils, or spices

/ˈfjuː.dəl.ɪ.zəm/ the set of medieval social and political arrangements based on landholding and reciprocal obligations between lords and vassals

/ˈmʌm.ɪ.faɪ/ to preserve a dead body by drying, embalming, and wrapping it as a mummy

/ˈbiːfˌiː.tɚ/ a person who eats beef, especially one characterized as eating a great deal of it

/ˈtoʊ.t̬əm ˌpoʊl/ a tall carved and often painted wooden pole made by Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast of North America to represent family lineage, crests, histories, or important events

Materials & Substances (58)

/hæŋk/ a coil, loop, or bundle of yarn, rope, hair, or other long flexible material

/skʌm/ a film of foam, dirt, impurities, or vegetation that forms on the surface of a liquid

/ɹɑd/ A long, thin, straight bar or stick of wood or metal.

/mæɡˈnɛt.ɪk/ Having the properties of a magnet, or able to attract metal such as iron.

/ɡɹis/ a thick oily or fatty substance, especially one used to lubricate machinery

/flɪnt/ a hard gray or black stone that can produce sparks when struck

/ˈplʌmɪŋ/ The pipes and fixtures that carry water, gas, or sewage in a building.

/dʌkt/ a bodily passage or tube lined with epithelial cells and conveying a secretion or other substance

/sɪnˈθɛtɪk/ Made artificially by chemical processes rather than coming from nature.

/məˈrɑkoʊ/ a soft, durable leather, traditionally goatskin and often pebble-grained, used for fine bookbindings and luxury goods

/ˈpaɪpˌlaɪn/ A long pipe used to carry oil, gas, or water over a distance.

/fəˈtiːɡ/ A feeling of being very tired, usually after hard physical or mental effort

/plak/ A flat piece of metal, stone, or wood with writing on it, fixed to a wall or monument to remember a person or event.

/ˈmɛθeɪn/ the simplest hydrocarbon, CH4, a colorless flammable gas that is the principal component of natural gas and a powerful greenhouse gas

/ˈpɔːrsəlɪn/ a hard, fine, usually white and translucent ceramic fired at a high temperature

/wɪk/ a cord or strip in a candle or lamp that draws fuel upward and burns at its tip

/ˈnutɹəˌlaɪz/ To stop something from having an effect by balancing it out.

/wɑːd/ a small, compact mass of soft material, such as cotton, paper, or cloth

/ˈnʌɡ.ɪt/ a naturally occurring solid lump of a precious metal, especially gold

/ˈklɔːr.iːn/ the chemical element with atomic number 17, a toxic greenish-yellow halogen gas in its elemental form

/ˈæsfɑːlt/ a black, sticky form of bitumen found naturally or left after petroleum is refined

/æzˈbɛs.təs/ a commercial and legal name for a group of six naturally occurring fibrous silicate minerals

/ˈt͡ʃɪzəl/ A hand tool with a sharp flat blade, used for cutting or shaping wood, stone, or metal.

/ˈlɪθ.i.əm/ the chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3, a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive alkali metal and the lightest metal

Tools, Machines & Construction (32)

/ˈdʒɪm.i/ a short crowbar used for forcing open a door, window, or lock

/ˈmik.ə.nɪ.zəm/ A part of a machine or a set of moving parts that does a particular job.

/stʌd/ a small projecting fastener or ornament, usually made of metal

/ˈtɪmbɚ/ Wood prepared for building or making things.

/wɛdʒ/ a tapered piece used for splitting, tightening, lifting, or securing something

/ɖᵻˈmɔ.lɪ.ʃən/ The act of deliberately destroying a building or other structure

/pəˈvɪl.jən/ a light, often open-sided roofed structure used for shelter or recreation in a park, garden, or public place

architectural C1

/ˌɑɹkɪˈtɛkt͡ʃəɹəl/ Relating to the design and construction of buildings.

/ˈrætʃ.ɪt/ a toothed wheel or bar with a pawl that permits motion in one direction while preventing motion in the other

/moʊt/ a deep, wide defensive ditch, often filled with water, around a castle or fortified place

/ˈsaɪlənˌsɝ/ British: a device in a vehicle exhaust system that reduces engine noise

/əˈplaɪ.əns/ A machine or device used in the home, such as a fridge or washing machine.

/ˈmeɪn.dʒɚ/ an open box or trough in a stable from which horses, cattle, or other animals feed

temperamental C1

/ˌtɛmp(ə)ɹəˈmɛntl̩/ Having moods that change suddenly and unpredictably.

/ˈnɑː.zəl/ a projecting tube or spout that directs or controls a stream of liquid, gas, or other material

/ˈænvəl/ a heavy iron or steel block on which metal is shaped by hammering

/ˈlæs.oʊ/ a long rope with a sliding loop used especially to catch cattle or horses

/ʃiθ/ a protective covering for a knife or sword

/ˈækwəˌdʌkt/ an artificial channel or conduit built to carry water from one place to another

accumulation C1

/əˌkjuːm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ The process of gradually gathering or building up over time.

/ˈflæɡˌstæf/ a pole or staff from which a flag is flown

/spuːl/ a cylinder or spindle around which thread, wire, film, or another flexible material is wound

/vaɪs/ a tool with two jaws that close to hold an object firmly while it is being worked on

/ˈtraʊəl/ a mason's hand tool with a flat metal blade, used to spread and shape mortar or plaster

Energy & Industry (13)

/ˈmaɪnɪŋ/ The work of digging valuable materials such as coal, metals, or minerals out of the earth.

/ɪɡˈnɪʃ.ən/ the process of starting combustion or another self-sustaining energy-producing reaction

/slæɡ/ waste material separated from metal during smelting or refining

/ɹiːˈtʃɑː(ɹ)dʒ/ To fill a battery with electrical power again after it has run out.

/smɛlt/ to extract a metal from its ore by heating and chemical reduction

/ˈfaʊn.dɹi/ a factory or workshop where metal is melted and poured into molds to make cast objects

/ˈɛmbɚ/ a small piece of wood or coal that remains hot and glows after a fire has stopped flaming

/kɪln/ a furnace or heated chamber used to fire, bake, calcine, or dry materials such as pottery, bricks, lime, timber, or grain

shipbuilding C1

/ˈʃɪpˌbɪl.dɪŋ/ the activity, craft, or industry of designing and constructing ships

/ˈfɪʃənəbəl/ capable of undergoing nuclear fission

industrialism C1

/ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əˌlɪz.əm/ a social and economic system based on large-scale mechanized industry rather than chiefly on agriculture or craft production

/ɹɪˈfaɪnɚ/ a person or company that purifies or processes a raw substance such as oil, sugar, or metal

/ˈhitləs/ without warmth or heat; cold

Safety & Risk (24)

/ˈvʌln(ə)ɹəbl̩/ Easily hurt or harmed, physically or emotionally.

/ˈkɑːmprəˌmaɪzd/ Made weaker, less safe, or less effective than it should be.

/dɪˈfen.sɪv/ Used or intended to protect against attack.

/ˈsiːkɹəsi/ the trait of keeping things secret

/ɪnsəˈkjʊɹ/ Lacking confidence in yourself; uncertain and anxious.

/ˌseɪfˈkiː.pɪŋ/ protection or secure custody that keeps someone or something from harm, loss, or theft

/brʌnt/ the main force, impact, or worst effects of an attack, event, or burden

/ʌnˈskeɪðd/ not injured or damaged by a dangerous event

/ˌdɛtɹɪˈmɛntəl/ Causing harm or damage.

/mɔl/ to attack and injure someone or something severely by beating, scratching, or tearing

/meɪm/ to injure a person or animal so severely that a body part is permanently damaged or lost

/ˈdɛtɹɪmənt/ Harm or damage to something.

/ˌmɪsˈfaɪɹ/ to fail to fire, ignite, or detonate properly

/prɪˈzɝː.vɚ/ a person or thing that protects someone or keeps something safe from harm or destruction

/ɪmˈpeɪl/ to pierce something with a long, sharp object so that it is fixed or held on the point

misadventure C1

/ˌmɪsədˈvɛntʃɚ/ an unlucky accident or mishap, often caused without deliberate wrongdoing

/ənˈdɔntɪd/ Not discouraged or frightened by difficulty or danger.

/fɔrˈwɔrn/ to warn someone about a danger, problem, or event before it occurs

/liˈθæləti/ the capacity or quality of being able to cause death

/ˌɛkstɹɪˈkeɪʃən/ the act or process of freeing someone or something from entanglement, confinement, or a difficult situation

/ˌoʊ.vɚˈstreɪn/ to subject a person, body part, resource, or ability to more strain than it can safely bear

In a way that shows a lack of self-confidence.

detrimentally C1

In a way that causes harm or damage.

/pɚˈnɪʃəs/ having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way

Social Issues & Human Rights (4)

/ɑmz/ money, food, clothing, or other aid given to poor people as an act of charity

/ˈlɪb.ə.reɪ.tɚ/ a person, group, or thing that frees someone from captivity, oppression, or another constraint

/ˌɪn.ɪˈkwɑ.lɪ.ti/ An unfair difference between groups of people, especially in wealth or opportunity.

/ˌæl.tɹuˈɪs.tɪk/ Showing unselfish concern for the welfare of others.

Ethics & Social Judgment (29)

/pɹɪˈz(j)um/ To suppose something is true without proof; to take for granted.

/ɪnˈd͡ʒʌs.tɪs/ Lack of fairness; a situation in which people are treated wrongly or unfairly.

/ˈpjʊɹɪti/ the state of being clean and not mixed with anything else

/ˈɛθɪkəl/ Morally right; following accepted principles of good behaviour.

/ˈɪnsələnt/ Insulting in manner or words, particularly in an arrogant or insubordinate manner.

/dɪˈsiːt/ Dishonest behaviour that is meant to trick or mislead someone.

/kəˈmɛnd/ To praise someone or something formally.

complimentary C1

/ˌkɑmplɪˈmɛnt(ə)ɹi/ Given free of charge.

/ˈkæn.dɪd/ Honest and open, saying what you really think even when it is uncomfortable.

/ˌʌpˈstændɪŋ/ honest, respectable, and deserving of trust or approval

/ɹə.viːɹ/ To respect and admire someone or something very deeply.

conscientious C1

/ˌkɑn.ʃiˈɛn.ʃəs/ Careful to do your work thoroughly and well.

/ˈloʊ.daʊn/ informal: dishonest, unfair, or contemptible

/ˈɛθɪkəli/ In a way that follows accepted moral principles.

/ˈɡlʌtəni/ habitual or excessive eating and drinking

/ˈfleɪgrənt/ conspicuously and shockingly wrong, offensive, or unlawful

/dɪsˈsɝːvɪs/ an action that harms someone or something instead of helping, often despite good intentions

/ˌɡʊdiˈɡʊdi/ disapproving: excessively or affectedly virtuous, pious, or well behaved

/ˈʌndɚˌhænd/ dishonest, secretive, or deceitfully indirect

/ʌnˈdʒʌs.tə.faɪd/ not supported by an adequate reason or sufficient evidence; unwarranted

/ˌɪnhjuːˈmænəti/ lack of compassion or the quality of being cruel to other people

/ˌʌndɪˈzɝvɪŋ/ not worthy of a reward, benefit, punishment, or particular treatment

/ˈvɛnəɹeɪt/ To deeply respect and honour someone or something.

/ˈiːɡoʊˌɪzəm/ the practice of giving one's own interests and welfare priority over those of others

Cause, Change & Process (65)

/ˈhɑs.tɪd͡ʒ/ A person held by force, used to make others do what the captor wants.

/ˈbæk.ɪŋ(ɡ)/ Support and approval given to a person, plan, or cause.

/ˈliː.θəl/ Able to cause death; deadly.

/[ˌpɹɒp.əˈɡæn.də]/ Information, often biased or misleading, spread to promote a cause or point of view.

/fɔɹd͡ʒ/ To create or build something, especially a relationship, with great effort.

/ˈteɪlɚ/ A person whose job is to make, repair, or alter clothes, especially suits.

/ˌɪntə(ɹ)ˈviːn/ To become involved in a situation in order to change or stop something.

/ˈhævək/ widespread destruction, disorder, or confusion

/ˈɹiːzənɪŋ/ The process of thinking carefully and logically to reach a conclusion.

/dɪsˈkləʊz/ To make known information that was secret or private.

/ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/ To move faster or to make something move faster.

/ðɛɹˈbaɪ/ As a result of that; by that means.

/ɪnˈflɪkt/ To make someone suffer something unpleasant.

reproduction C1

/ˌɹiːpɹəˈdʌkʃən/ The biological process by which living things produce offspring.

/ˈkɑn.d͡ʒɚ/ To create a picture or feeling in someone's mind.

/ˈɪntəɡɹəl/ Essential to something and forming a necessary part of it.

/ˈɛləveɪt/ To lift or raise something to a higher position.

/ˈɛs.kjə.leɪt/ To become or make something more serious or intense.

/ˈɛk.spɪˌdaɪt/ To make something happen faster; to speed up a process.

/əˈmɛnd/ To make formal changes to a document, law, or agreement.

/ɪnˈsaɪt/ to urge or provoke people to act, especially violently or unlawfully

/dɪsˈbænd/ to break up an organized group or cause it to stop operating

decision-making C1

/dɪˈsɪʒənˌmeɪkɪŋ/ The process of making choices, especially important ones.

/dɪˈtɪɹ.iə.ɹeɪt/ To become worse over time.

Abstract Ideas (41)

/ˈiɡo/ A person's sense of their own importance or value.

/ˈmiːnɪŋləs/ Having no meaning or sense.

/həˈɹæs.mənt/ Repeated, deliberate behaviour that pesters, threatens, or intimidates someone.

/kəˈmens/ To begin or start.

/ˈsʌ.fɪs/ to be enough for a particular purpose

/ˌæn.əsˈθi.ʒə/ loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness

/fəˈnæt.ɪk/ A person with extreme, often unreasonable enthusiasm for a cause or belief.

/əˈkɝ.əns/ Something that happens; an event.

/ˈpɹem.ɪs/ A statement or idea that is accepted as true and used as the basis for an argument.

/ˈsɪnɪˌsɪzəm/ A distrustful attitude that assumes people act only out of selfishness.

/ˈriːəlɪst/ A person who accepts situations as they truly are and deals with them in a practical way.

compatibility C1

/kəmˌpætəˈbɪləti/ the ability of people, ideas, or things to exist or work together without conflict

/oʊˈmɪʃən/ something that has been omitted

/ˌkɑməˈnæləti/ a feature or quality shared by two or more people or things

entanglement C1

/ɪnˈtæŋɡəlmənt/ the state or process of becoming twisted together, trapped, or caught

/ˈɪn.sɪ.dəns/ How often something happens, especially something unwanted.

/pərˈteɪn/ to relate to or be relevant to a particular subject or situation

/sɛˈseɪʃən/ The stopping or ending of something, whether for a while or for good.

/æbˈstɹæk.ʃn̩/ A general idea formed from specific examples, rather than a concrete thing.

/ˈtʌtʃˌstoʊn/ a standard, principle, or criterion by which the quality or truth of something is tested

/ˌmɑd͡ʒəˈleɪʃən/ in electronics, the transmission of a signal by using it to vary a carrier wave

/faɪˈnælɪti/ the quality or state of being final, conclusive, and not open to further change

undercurrent C1

/ˈʌndɚˌkʌrənt/ a feeling, opinion, or influence that is present but not openly expressed

interdependent C1

/ˌɪntɝdɪˈpɛndənt/ depending on each other; mutually reliant

Actions & Processes (115)

/ˈkɪdnæp/ To take and hold someone illegally, often to demand money for their release.

/bɹaɪb/ To secretly give someone money or gifts so they will do something dishonest for you.

/ˈnoʊtɪfaɪ/ To officially tell someone about something.

/sʋap/ To give one thing and receive another in exchange.

/ˈlaɪ̯əbəl/ Likely to do or experience something, usually something bad.

/pɹɑp/ An object used by actors on a stage or film set.

/dɪsˈpoʊz/ To get rid of something, especially something unwanted (used with 'of').

/pɹəˈnaʊnst/ Very noticeable or strongly marked.

/ˈstɹɛt͡ʃɪŋ/ Exercise in which you extend your muscles and limbs to keep them flexible.

/ɪnˈdʌld͡ʒ/ To allow yourself to enjoy something pleasant, especially something you do not usually let yourself have.

/əˈkʌs.təmd/ Used to something through repeated experience.

/ˈɪmɪnənt/ About to happen very soon.

/dɪˈfɔlt/ A setting or value used automatically when no other choice is made.

/ˈmɑɹvl̩/ To be filled with wonder or amazement at something.

/ʃɹɛd/ to tear or cut something into small, narrow pieces

/smʌɡ/ Too pleased with yourself or your own cleverness, in a way that annoys others.

/ˈklɪŋ/ To hold on to something very tightly.

/ɹɪˈnaʊnd/ Famous and admired for something.

/ˈʌpˌkəmɪŋ/ Happening or coming soon.

/ˈtæŋ.ɡəld/ Twisted together into a messy, knotted mass.

/əˈpɔːlɪŋ/ Shocking and extremely bad.

/koʊˈɔɹ.də.nɪt/ To organize different people or activities so that they work well together.

/ˈɹɛn.dɚ/ To cause someone or something to be in a particular state.

/ˈfɔɹ.fɪt/ To lose or give up something as a penalty for a mistake or wrongdoing.

Word Formation & Derivatives (5)

/ˈruːdɪmənts/ The basic facts or principles of a subject.

Register & Style (20)

/dʒeɪk/ dated US slang, disparaging: an unsophisticated person from the countryside; a rustic or yokel

/ˈdæŋ/ informal: a mild exclamation of annoyance or surprise, used as a euphemism for damn

/ˈblaɪ.mi/ an informal British exclamation expressing surprise, excitement, anger, or alarm

/pʌn/ a humorous or rhetorical play on words that exploits similar sounds or multiple meanings

/ˈlɔrdi/ informal or dated: used to express surprise, alarm, frustration, or other strong feeling

/tɔɹk/ a twisting force

/dræt/ used to express mild annoyance or disappointment; dated or humorous

metaphysical C1

/ˌmɛtəˈfɪzɪkəl/ highly abstract and overly theoretical

/prəˈfæn.ə.t̬i/ offensive, obscene, or abusive language, especially swear words collectively

/ɪnkjuˈbeɪʃən/ Sleeping in a temple or other holy place in order to have oracular dreams or to receive healing.

/ˈɡʌtəɹəl/ like the sounds of frogs and crows

/ʃʌk/ to remove the husk, pod, or shell from food such as corn, nuts, or oysters

/ˌhɪrˈwɪð/ together with this letter, document, or other formal communication

hierarchical C1

/ˌhaɪˈɹɑɹkɪkəl/ classified according to various criteria into successive levels or layers

/ˈbeɪtɪd/ held back, reduced, or restrained, now used chiefly in the phrase 'with bated breath'

/ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv/ suitable for cutting or piercing

/əˈfɔɹsɛd/ previously mentioned or named

/ˈæn.tiˌklaɪ.mæks/ a disappointing or unimportant ending after a buildup that created expectations of something exciting or impressive

/ˌriː.kəˈmens/ formal: to begin again or cause an activity to begin again

/ˌʃʊrɪˈnʌf/ informal: real, actual, or genuine, especially when the fact is surprising or emphatic

General Vocabulary (9)

/blɪs/ Perfect or complete happiness.

/ˈɡɑdˌsɛnd/ a person or thing that arrives unexpectedly and provides urgently needed help or good fortune

/ɪnˈɝ.ʃə/ a disposition to remain inactive or inert

/ˈdɹɔˌbæk/ A disadvantage or negative feature of something.

/dɪˈpɑzɪtɔɹi/ a place, building, or institution where things are deposited for storage, safekeeping, or preservation

/ˈtɪdˌbɪt/ a small and especially tasty piece of food

/ˌaʊtˈpɔrɪŋ/ a large flow

reappearance C1

/ˌriːəˈpɪrəns/ the act of someone appearing again or an event happening again

/ˈlæfɚ/ a person who laughs, especially one with a characteristic or frequent laugh