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Word
English Vocabulary
Pick a CEFR level (A1–C2, plus C2+ for rare words beyond the CEFR scale) — A1 is the friendliest place to start — and browse its words grouped by topic: travel, food, the body, emotions, and more. Each word shows its meaning, example sentences, and US/UK pronunciation.
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View all levelsC2+ is beyond the official CEFR scale: rare, specialist, and literary words kept for reference.
3413 words
Grammar & Function Words(24)
times
B2
/tɑemz/
A particular period in history or in someone's life.
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em
B2
/əm/
an informal, usually unstressed form of them, commonly written ’em
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considering
B2
/kənˈsɪdəɹɪŋ/
Taking a particular fact into account.
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beside
B2
/bɪˈsaɪd/
Next to; at the side of.
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multiple
B2
/ˈmʌltɪpəl/
More than one; many.
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amongst
B2
/əˈmɜŋst/
In the middle of or surrounded by; a more formal word for "among".
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somewhat
B2
/ˈsʌmwʌt/
To a small degree; a little, but not completely.
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versus
B2
/ˈvɝsəs/
Against; used to show two sides competing or opposing each other.
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regardless
B2
/ɹɪˈɡɑɹd.lɪs/
In spite of everything; anyway.
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unto
B2
/ˈʌntə/
To (old or formal use, showing who receives something)
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instantly
B2
/ˈɪnstəntli/
Immediately; without any delay.
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whereas
B2
/(h)wɛɹˈæz/
Used to compare two facts and show a contrast between them.
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alongside
B2
/əˌlɔŋˈsaɪd/
Next to and at the side of something or someone.
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concerning
B2
/kənˈsɝnɪŋ/
about; relating to
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particle
B2
/ˈpɑɹtɪkəl/
A very small piece of something.
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adequate
B2
/ˈæd.ə.kwɪt/
enough in amount or good enough for a particular purpose
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lest
B2
/lɛst/
In order to prevent something bad from happening; for fear that.
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ample
B2
/ˈæmpəl/
More than enough; plenty.
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insufficient
B2
/ɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/
Not enough for a particular purpose or need.
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atop
B2
/əˈtɑːp/
on or at the top of something
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predicate
B2
/ˈpɹɛd.ɪ.kɪt/
In grammar, the part of a sentence or clause that says something about the subject, usually containing the verb.
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exclamation mark
B2
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inverted commas
B2
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owing to
B2
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Numbers & Quantity(8)
eighth
B2
/eɪtθ/
coming next after the seventh and just before the ninth in position
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ninth
B2
/ˈnaɪnθ/
coming next after the eighth and just before the tenth in position
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trillion
B2
/ˈtɹɪljən/
The number one followed by twelve zeros (1,000,000,000,000).
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deduction
B2
/dɪˈdʌkʃən/
An amount that is taken away from a total.
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denominator
B2
/dɪˈnɑːməˌneɪtɝ/
the number or expression below the line in a fraction, showing how many equal parts form a whole
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half-dollar
B2
/ˈhæfˌdɑlər/
a United States coin worth fifty cents, or the sum of fifty cents
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numerator
B2
/ˈnuː.məˌreɪ.tɚ/
the number or expression written above the line in a fraction, indicating how many equal parts are being considered
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overgrowth
B2
/ˈoʊvɚˌɡroʊθ/
excessive, abnormal, or uncontrolled growth in size, amount, or number
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Space, Position & Direction(16)
earl
B2
/ɝːl/
a British or Irish nobleman ranking below a marquess and above a viscount, equivalent in rank to a count
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chimney
B2
/ˈtʃɪmni/
A vertical pipe or structure that carries smoke from a fire up and out of a building.
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backward
B2
/ˈbækwɚd/
In the direction behind you; toward the back.
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margin
B2
/ˈmɑɹ.d͡ʒɪn/
The empty space around the edge of a page.
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axis
B2
/ˈæksɪs/
An imaginary line through the centre of an object, around which it turns.
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bazaar
B2
/bəˈzɑɹ/
a marketplace or shopping district consisting of many small shops or stalls, especially in the Middle East or South Asia
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plaid
B2
/plæd/
a pattern of crossing horizontal and vertical bands in two or more colors, often resembling tartan
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cardigan
B2
/ˈkɑːrdɪgən/
A knitted top that opens at the front and fastens with buttons or a zip.
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tier
B2
/tɪr/
one of several rows, layers, or levels arranged above or below one another
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thickness
B2
/ˈθɪknəs/
How thick something is; the distance between its two opposite surfaces.
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tropic
B2
/ˈtɹɒpɪk/
One of two imaginary lines around the Earth, north and south of the equator, marking the edges of the hottest region.
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sine
B2
/saɪn/
in a right triangle, the ratio of the side opposite an angle to the hypotenuse; more generally, the corresponding trigonometric function
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seesaw
B2
/ˈsi.sɔ/
a long board balanced in the middle that children sit on at each end to go up and down
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hypotenuse
B2
/haɪˈpɑtəˌnus/
the side of a right triangle opposite its right angle
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toboggan
B2
/təˈbɑː.ɡən/
a long, light sled with a curved-up front and no runners, used for carrying loads or sliding over snow
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crossbar
B2
/ˈkrɑːs.bɑːr/
the horizontal bar joining the two upright posts at the top of a goal in sports such as football or rugby
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Time(2)
People & Society(341)
lord
B2
/lɔɹd/
A man of high rank in the nobility, or his title.
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darling
B2
/ˈdɑɹlɪŋ/
A person you love very much, often used as a loving way to address someone.
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idiot
B2
/ˈɪd͡ʒət/
A stupid or foolish person.
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madam
B2
/ˈmæd.əm/
A polite way of addressing a woman, especially a customer.
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narrator
B2
/ˈnæˌɹeɪtɚ/
The person who tells a story, especially the voice telling it in a book or film.
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shooting
B2
/ˈʃuːtɪŋ/
An event in which someone is hit or killed with a gun.
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commander
B2
/kəˈmændɚ/
A person who is in charge of a group of soldiers or a military unit.
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crew
B2
/kɹu/
The people who work together to operate a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle.
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fate
B2
/feɪt/
What will happen to someone or something, especially something bad that cannot be avoided.
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genius
B2
/ˈd͡ʒin.jəs/
A person with exceptional intelligence or creative ability.
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madame
B2
/məˈdæm/
A title used before the name of a French-speaking married woman, like Mrs.
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jury
B2
/ˈd͡ʒʊɹi/
A group of people chosen to listen to a court case and decide whether someone is guilty.
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mercy
B2
/ˈmɝsi/
Kindness or forgiveness shown to someone you have the power to punish or harm.
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row²
B2
/ɹaʊ/
mainly British: a loud, angry argument or quarrel
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destiny
B2
/ˈdes.tɪ.ni/
The things that will happen to someone in the future, especially those that cannot be changed.
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squad
B2
/ˈskwɑd/
A small group of people working or trained together for a common purpose.
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senator
B2
/ˈsɛn.ə.tɚ/
A member of a senate, the higher house of a parliament or legislature.
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coward
B2
/ˈkaʊɚd/
A person who is too afraid to do what is difficult or dangerous.
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self
B2
/ˈsɛlf/
the person you really are, including your character and feelings
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lifetime
B2
/ˈlaɪf.taɪm/
The length of time that someone is alive or that something exists or works.
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surveillance
B2
/sɚˈveɪ.ləns/
The careful watching of a person, group, or place, especially to prevent or detect crime.
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tribe
B2
/tɹaɪb/
A group of people who share the same culture, language, and ancestry, often led by a chief.
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deputy
B2
/ˈdɛpjəti/
A person whose rank is just below the leader and who can act for them.
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miller
B2
/ˈmɪlər/
a person who owns or operates a mill, especially one that grinds grain into flour
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Family & Relationships(16)
divorce
B2
/dɪˈvoɹs/
The legal ending of a marriage.
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pa
B2
/pɑː/
Father; dad.
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brother-in-law
B2
/ˈbɹʌðɚ ɪn ˌlɔ/
The brother of your husband or wife, or the husband of your sister
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sister-in-law
B2
/ˈsɪs.tɚ.ɪn.lɔ/
the sister of your husband or wife, or your brother's wife
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son-in-law
B2
/ˈsʌnɪnˌlɔː/
The husband of your daughter.
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adoption
B2
/əˈdɑp.ʃən/
The act of legally taking a child into your family to raise as your own.
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mother-in-law
B2
/ˈmʌ.ðəɹ.ɪnˌlɑː/
The mother of your husband or wife.
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father-in-law
B2
/ˈfɑːðəɹɪnˌlɔː/
The father of your husband or wife.
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daughter-in-law
B2
/ˈdɔːtə(ɹ)ɪnˌlɔː/
The wife of your son.
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ark
B2
/ɑrk/
the great vessel that Noah built to preserve his family and animals from the biblical flood
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ox
B2
/ˈɑks/
An adult male of the cattle family, often used to pull heavy loads.
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royalty
B2
/ˈrɔɪəlti/
Members of a royal family considered together.
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breakup
B2
/ˈbɹeɪk.ʌp/
The end of a romantic relationship or friendship.
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nightingale
B2
/ˈnaɪtɪŋɡeɪl/
A Eurasian and African songbird, Luscinia megarhynchos, family Muscicapidae, famed for its beautiful singing at night; a common nightingale.
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sibling
B2
/ˈsɪb.lɪŋ/
A brother or sister.
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subsoil
B2
/ˈsʌbsɔɪl/
the layer of soil beneath the topsoil and above the underlying rock or parent material
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Emotions & Feelings(34)
relief
B2
/ɹɪˈliːf/
The good feeling you get when worry, pain, or trouble ends or eases.
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grief
B2
/ɡɹiːf/
Deep sadness, especially after someone you love dies.
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instinct
B2
/ˈɪn.stɪŋkt/
A natural way of behaving or feeling that you are born with, not learned.
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furious
B2
/ˈfjʊɹ.i.əs/
Extremely angry.
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thrill
B2
/θɹɪl/
A sudden strong feeling of excitement and pleasure.
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loneliness
B2
/ˈloʊnlinəs/
The sad feeling of being alone and without company.
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humiliation
B2
/hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/
The feeling of being ashamed or foolish, especially in front of others.
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contempt
B2
/kənˈtɛmpt/
A strong feeling that someone or something is worthless and deserves no respect.
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cruelty
B2
/ˈkɹuː(ə)lti/
Behaviour that causes pain or suffering to others, without any sympathy.
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outrage
B2
/ˈaʊt.ɹeɪd͡ʒ/
A strong feeling of shock and anger.
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desperation
B2
/ˌdɛspəˈɹeɪʃən/
A feeling of having no hope that makes you ready to do anything.
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awe
B2
/ɔ/
A feeling of great respect mixed with wonder or slight fear.
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tenderness
B2
/ˈtɛn.dɚ.nɪs/
A gentle, warm, and loving feeling toward someone.
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bitterness
B2
/ˈbɪtɝnəs/
The quality of feeling bitter; acrimony, resentment; the quality of exhibiting such feelings.
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anticipation
B2
/ænˌtɪs.əˈpeɪ.ʃən/
A feeling of excitement about something that is going to happen.
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detachment
B2
/dɪˈtæt͡ʃmənt/
A feeling of not being emotionally involved with someone or something.
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reverence
B2
/ˈɹɛv.ə.ɹəns/
A feeling of deep respect or admiration for someone or something.
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unhappiness
B2
/ənˈhæpiːnɪs/
The feeling of being sad or not satisfied.
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irritation
B2
/ˌɪɹ.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/
The feeling of being slightly angry or annoyed
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amazement
B2
/əˈmeɪz.mənt/
A feeling of great surprise and wonder.
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desolation
B2
/ˌdɛsəˈleɪʃən/
A deep feeling of sadness and loneliness.
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displeasure
B2
/dɪsˈplɛʒɚ/
A feeling of being annoyed or unhappy about something.
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disapproval
B2
/dɪsəˈpɹuvəl/
The feeling or showing that you think something is bad or wrong.
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dissatisfaction
B2
/dɪsˌsætɪsˈfækʃən/
A feeling of being unhappy or not content with something.
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Describing People(4)
humble
B2
/ˈhʌmbəl/
Not proud; not thinking that you are better or more important than others.
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arrogant
B2
/ˈæɹ.ə.ɡənt/
Believing you are better or more important than other people.
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sincere
B2
/sɪnˈsɪɹ/
Honest and truly meaning what you say or do; not pretending.
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excel at
B2
to perform particularly well in an activity
Prepositional verb
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Describing Qualities(924)
perfect²
B2
/pɚˈfɛkt/
To make something as good as it can be.
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moving
B2
/ˈmuːvɪŋ/
Making you feel strong emotions, especially sadness or sympathy.
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tough
B2
/tɐf/
Difficult to do or deal with.
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bloody
B2
/ˈblʌ.diː/
Covered in or marked by blood.
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upset¹
B2
/ˈʌp.sɛt/
A surprising and unexpected victory or result.
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cute
B2
/kjuːt/
Pretty and attractive, especially in a small, sweet way.
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evil
B2
/ˈi.vəl/
Morally very bad; wanting to harm others.
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grand
B2
/ɡɹænd/
Large, impressive, and magnificent.
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willing
B2
/ˈwɪlɪŋ/
Ready and happy to do something; not refusing.
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super
B2
[ˈsypɑ]
Excellent; very good.
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dumb
B2
/dʌm/
Stupid or silly (informal).
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failed
B2
/feɪld/
Not successful; having ended without achieving its goal.
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spare
B2
/spɛɚ/
Kept in reserve and ready to be used if needed; extra.
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growing
B2
/ˈɡɹoʊɪŋ/
Increasing in size, amount, or strength.
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sexy
B2
/ˈsɛk.si/
Sexually attractive or appealing.
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rat
B2
/ɹæt/
A small grey or brown rodent with a long tail, larger than a mouse.
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prime
B2
/pɹaɪ̯m/
Most important; main.
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literally
B2
/ˈlɪtəɹəli/
In the exact, basic sense of the words; not figuratively.
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decent
B2
/ˈdiːsənt/
Good enough; fairly good or acceptable.
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convinced
B2
/kənˈvɪnst/
Feeling completely sure that something is true.
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charming
B2
/ˈtʃɑːrmɪŋ/
Pleasant and attractive in a way that makes people like you.
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actual
B2
/ˈækʃuəl/
real and existing in fact, rather than imagined or guessed
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federal
B2
/ˈfɛdəɹəl/
Relating to the central national government, as opposed to state or local government.
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alert
B2
/əˈlɝt/
Awake, watchful, and quick to notice things.
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Communication(38)
mama
B2
/ˈmɑmə/
An informal, affectionate word for mother.
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confession
B2
/kənˈfɛʃən/
A statement admitting that you have done something wrong.
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testimony
B2
/ˈtɛstɪmoʊni/
A formal statement made by a witness in a court of law.
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valentine
B2
/ˈvaləntaɪn/
A card or message sent to someone you love on Saint Valentine's Day.
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info
B2
/ˈɪnfoʊ/
Information; facts or details about something.
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reminder
B2
/ɹɪˈmaɪndəɹ/
A message or note that helps you remember something.
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accusation
B2
/ək.jʊˈze.ʃən/
A statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
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gibberish
B2
/ˈd͡ʒɪ.bə.ɹɪʃ/
speech or writing that is unintelligible, incoherent, or meaningless
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subtitle
B2
/ˈsʌbtaɪtəl/
Words shown on screen that translate or write out the dialogue in a film or show.
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assurance
B2
/əˈʃɔːɹəns/
A promise or statement meant to make someone feel confident.
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slang
B2
/ˈslæŋ/
Very informal words and expressions used in everyday speech rather than formal language.
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imagery
B2
/ˈɪmɪd͡ʒɹi/
Vivid language that creates pictures in the reader's mind, especially in writing.
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exaggeration
B2
/ɪɡˌzæd͡ʒəˈɹeɪʃən/
A statement that makes something seem larger, better, or worse than it really is.
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conjunction
B2
/kənˈd͡ʒʌŋk.ʃn̩/
A word such as 'and', 'but', or 'because' that joins words, phrases, or clauses together.
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prose
B2
/ˈpɹoʊz/
Ordinary written or spoken language, as opposed to poetry.
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syllable
B2
/ˈsɪl.ə.bᵻl/
A single unit of sound in a word, usually one vowel sound with consonants around it.
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caption
B2
/ˈkæp.ʃən/
A short piece of text printed under a picture to explain it.
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theorem
B2
/ˈθiərəm/
A mathematical statement that is expected to be true.
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primer
B2
/ˈprɪmɚ/
a small introductory book, especially one used to teach children to read or to explain the basics of a subject
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personification
B2
/pɚˌsɑ.nə.fəˈkeɪ.ʃən/
A way of writing that gives human qualities to an object, animal, or idea.
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coefficient
B2
/ˌkoʊ.ɪˈfɪʃənt/
mathematics: a number or other constant that multiplies a variable or algebraic term
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hyphen
B2
/ˈhaɪfən/
The punctuation mark (-) used to join words in a compound or to split a word at the end of a line.
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synonym
B2
/ˈsɪn.əˌnɪm/
A word or phrase that means the same, or nearly the same, as another.
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soliloquy
B2
/səˈlɪləkwi/
A speech in a play in which a character speaks their thoughts aloud, alone on stage.
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Language & Linguistics(4)
metaphor
B2
/ˈmɛt.ə.foɹ/
A way of describing something by calling it something else to suggest they are alike, without using 'like' or 'as'.
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rhyme
B2
/ˈraɪm/
To have the same ending sound as another word.
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hyperbole
B2
/haɪˈpɝbəli/
Deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or effect, not meant to be taken literally.
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collocation
B2
/ˌkɑl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/
A pair or group of words that are often used together and sound natural to native speakers.
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Psychology & Behavior(20)
therapy
B2
/ˈθɛɹ.ə.pi/
Treatment intended to cure or relieve a health problem.
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consciousness
B2
/ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/
The state of being awake and able to think and notice things.
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cope
B2
/koʊp/
To deal successfully with something difficult.
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obsession
B2
/əbˈsɛʃən/
A state of thinking about something or someone all the time, in an unhealthy way.
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impulse
B2
/ˈɪmpʌls/
A sudden strong wish to do something without thinking first.
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perception
B2
/pɚˈsɛpʃ(ə)n/
The way you understand or think about something.
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obedience
B2
/oʊˈbidiəns/
The act of doing what you are told to do by someone in authority.
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projection
B2
/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/
A prediction or estimate based on current information.
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optimism
B2
/ˈɑptɪmɪzəm/
A tendency to expect the best, or to believe that things will turn out well.
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persuasion
B2
/pɚˈsweɪʒən/
The act of getting someone to do or believe something by giving reasons.
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stereotype
B2
/ˈstɛɹ.i.əˌtaɪp/
A fixed, oversimplified idea about what a person or group is like.
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reinforcement
B2
/ˌɹiɪnˈfɔɹsmənt/
The act of making something stronger or more solid.
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neurosis
B2
/n(j)ʊˈɹoʊ̯.sɪs/
A mental illness, less serious than psychosis, in which a person feels strong anxiety or fear.
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blossom forth
B2
to develop in a successful or promising way
Phrasal verb
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cope with
B2
to deal successfully or manageably with difficulty
Prepositional verb
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intrude on
B2
to enter or interfere with someone's activity or private affairs without being welcome
Prepositional verb
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persist in
B2
to continue doing something despite difficulty or opposition
Prepositional verb
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shrink from
B2
to avoid something through reluctance or fear
Prepositional verb
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shrug off
B2
to dismiss something as unimportant or refuse to be troubled by it
Phrasal verb
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wink at
B2
to silently approve or knowingly overlook something improper
Prepositional verb
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Mind & Cognition(4)
infer
B2
/ɪnˈfɝ/
To reach an opinion or conclusion from the information you have.
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chew over
B2
to consider an idea or question carefully for some time
Phrasal verb
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linger over
B2
to spend more time than necessary enjoying or considering something
Prepositional verb
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zoom in
B2
to focus attention closely on a particular detail
Phrasal verb
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Senses & Perception(2)
Education & Learning(21)
prom
B2
/pɹɑm/
A formal dance held for students, usually near the end of the school year.
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institution
B2
/ˌɪn.stɪˈtʃuː.ʃən/
A large, important, long-established organization, such as a university, bank, or hospital.
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dorm
B2
/dɔɹm/
A building at a college or university where students live; short for "dormitory".
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thesis
B2
/ˈθisɪs/
A long piece of writing based on research, especially for a university degree.
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pupil
B2
/ˈpjuːpəl/
A child or young person who is being taught at school.
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faculty
B2
/ˈfækəlti/
All the teachers and academic staff at a school or university.
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tuition
B2
/tjʉːˈɪʃən/
The money you pay for being taught, especially at a college or university.
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seminar
B2
/ˈsɛmɪnɑɹ/
A small class in which students and a teacher meet to discuss a topic in depth.
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diploma
B2
/dɪˈploʊmə/
An official document showing that you have completed a course of study or earned a qualification.
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prefect
B2
/ˈpɹiːfɛkt/
An older school pupil given authority over other students.
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tack
B2
/ˈtæk/
A way of dealing with a problem; an approach or course of action.
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dormitory
B2
/ˈdɔɹ.mɪˌtɔɹ.i/
A building at a college or university where students live.
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curriculum
B2
/kəˈɹɪk.jə.ləm/
The set of subjects and courses taught at a school, college, or university.
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hooky
B2
/ˈhʊki/
informal, especially in play hooky: unauthorized absence from school or work
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schoolhouse
B2
/ˈskulˌhaʊs/
a building used as a school, especially a small or one-room school
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undergraduate
B2
/ˌəndɝˈgrædʒəwət/
A university student who has not yet finished their first degree.
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housemaster
B2
A teacher in charge of a house at a boarding school.
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scholasticism
B2
/skəˈlæstɪˌsɪzəm/
A medieval school of philosophy that combined classical Greek thought with Christian theology.
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cyberschool
B2
A school that teaches its courses over the Internet instead of in a physical building.
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skim over
B2
to read something quickly without examining every detail
Prepositional verb
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skip over
B2
to pass a section or item without reading or dealing with it
Prepositional verb
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Work & Careers(19)
inspector
B2
/ɪnˈspɛk.tɚ/
A person whose job is to officially check that something is correct or meets standards.
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project²
B2
/pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkt/
To estimate or predict something based on current information.
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supervisor
B2
/ˈsupɚˌvaɪzɚ/
A person whose job is to oversee and direct the work of others.
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resume
B2
/ɹɪˈzjuːm/
To start something again after stopping or pausing.
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nursing
B2
/ˈnɝsɪŋ/
The job or skill of caring for sick or injured people as a nurse.
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overtime
B2
/ˈoʊ.vɚˌtaɪm/
Time worked beyond one's normal working hours.
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translator
B2
/ˈtɹænzleɪtɚ/
A person whose job is to change written text from one language into another.
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nomination
B2
/ˌnɑmɪˈneɪʃən/
The act of officially suggesting someone for a job, position, or award.
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presidency
B2
/ˈpɹɛzɪdənsi/
The job or position of being a president.
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electrician
B2
/ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪʃən/
A worker who installs, repairs, and maintains electrical wiring and equipment.
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locksmith
B2
/ˈlɑksmɪθ/
a person whose job is to make, fit, open, or repair locks and keys
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craftsman
B2
/ˈkɹæftsmən/
A worker who is highly skilled at a trade, especially one done by hand.
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masseur
B2
/məˈsʊɹ/
A man whose job is to give massages.
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manhole
B2
/ˈmænhoʊl/
a covered opening in a street or other surface through which a worker can enter a sewer, drain, or underground utility space
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dressmaker
B2
/ˈdɹɛsˌmeɪkɚ/
a person whose occupation is making, altering, or repairing dresses and other fitted women's clothing
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salesperson
B2
/ˈseɪlzˌpɝːsən/
A person whose job is to sell things, often in a shop.
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saleswoman
B2
/ˈseɪlzˌwʊmən/
A woman whose job is to sell things, in a shop or by visiting customers.
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tradesperson
B2
/ˈtreɪdzˌpɝsən/
a skilled manual worker in a particular trade or craft
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day laborer
B2
/ˈdeɪ ˌleɪ.bɚ.ɚ/
a worker hired and paid by the day, especially for temporary or unskilled manual work
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Economics & Markets(13)
saving
B2
/ˈsæɪ.vɪŋ/
Money you keep instead of spending, set aside for the future (usually plural: savings).
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investment
B2
/ɪnˈvɛstmənt/
Money put into a business or shares with the hope of making a profit.
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enterprise
B2
/ˈɛntɚˌpɹaɪz/
A company or business.
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wage
B2
/weɪd͡ʒ/
The money a worker is paid for their work, usually by the hour or week.
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revenue
B2
/ˈɹɛvəˌn(j)u/
The money a business or organization earns from its activities.
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import¹
B2
/ˈɪm.pɔɹt/
A product or good brought in from another country.
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export¹
B2
/ˈɛks.pɔɹt/
A product that is sold and sent to another country.
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inflation
B2
/ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃən/
A general rise in prices over time, which makes money worth less.
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socialism
B2
/ˈsoʊʃəlɪzəm/
Any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods.
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incentive
B2
/ɪnˈsɛntɪv/
Something that encourages you to do something, often a reward or payment.
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recession
B2
/ɹɪˈsɛʃn̩/
A period when a country's economy is weak and business activity falls.
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economist
B2
/iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/
An expert in economics who studies how money, trade, and industry work.
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globalization
B2
/ˌɡloʊ.bə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
The process by which businesses, ideas, and cultures spread and connect across the whole world.
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Business & Commerce(10)
contract¹
B2
/ˈkɑntɹækt/
A formal written agreement between people or companies that the law can enforce.
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contract²
B2
/kənˈtɹækt/
To become smaller or tighter; to make something smaller.
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corporation
B2
/ˌkɔɹ.pəˈɹeɪ.ʃən/
A large company, especially one made up of several businesses.
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asset
B2
/ˈæsɛt/
Something valuable that a person or company owns, such as money, property, or investments.
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overhead
B2
/ˈəʊvəˌhɛd/
regular business costs that are not tied to making one specific product or service
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commerce
B2
/ˈkɑ.mɚs/
The activity of buying and selling goods and services, especially on a large scale.
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entrepreneur
B2
/ˌɑ̃.tɹə.pɹəˈnɜː/
A person who starts and runs a business, taking on its financial risks.
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bid for
B2
to offer a price or compete in an attempt to obtain something
Prepositional verb
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rein in
B2
to bring something under control or reduce its freedom of action
Phrasal verb
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spin off
B2
to produce something separate as a result of a larger activity or organization
Phrasal verb
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Personal Finance(17)
stock
B2
/stɑk/
The supply of goods that a shop or business has available to sell.
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loan
B2
/loʊn/
An amount of money that you borrow and must pay back, often with extra interest.
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retirement
B2
/riːˈtaɪɝmənt/
The period of life after you stop working permanently.
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mortgage
B2
/ˈmɔɹ.ɡɪd͡ʒ/
A loan you take from a bank to buy a house or land, which the bank can take back if you fail to repay.
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lease
B2
/ˈliːs/
A legal contract that lets someone use property for a set time in return for payment.
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yield
B2
/jiːld/
To produce something as a result.
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bankruptcy
B2
/ˈbæŋkˌɹʌp(t).si/
The legal state of being unable to pay your debts.
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index
B2
/ˈɪndɛks/
An alphabetical list at the back of a book showing where topics can be found.
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earnings
B2
/ˈɝːnɪŋz/
The money that a person earns from work.
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maturity
B2
/məˈtʊəɹəti/
state of being mature
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equity
B2
/ˈɛk.wɪ.ti/
Fairness and equal treatment for everyone.
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debit
B2
/ˈdɛb.ɪt/
An amount of money taken out of a bank account.
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solvent
B2
/ˈsɔlvənt/
A liquid that can dissolve other substances.
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frugal
B2
/ˈfɹuːɡəl/
Careful with money; avoiding waste.
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dividend
B2
/ˈdɪvɪdɛnd/
a payment made by a company to its shareholders from profits
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annuity
B2
/əˈn(j)uɪti/
a fixed amount of money paid to someone regularly, often yearly or for life
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debit card
B2
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Money & Finance(12)
sum
B2
/ˈsʌm/
An amount of money.
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funding
B2
/ˈfʌndɪŋ/
Money provided for a particular purpose or project.
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toll
B2
/təʊl/
A fee you pay to use a road, bridge, or tunnel.
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donation
B2
/doʊˈneɪʃən/
Something, especially money, given to a charity or good cause.
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compensation
B2
/ˌkɑm.pənˈseɪ.ʃən/
Money given to someone for loss, injury, or harm they have suffered.
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collateral
B2
/kəˈlætərəl/
property or another valuable asset pledged as security for repayment of a loan
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dowry
B2
/ˈdaʊri/
Money or property that a bride brings to her husband when they marry.
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pawnshop
B2
/ˈpɔnʃɑp/
A shop where you can borrow money by leaving a valuable item as security.
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bracket
B2
/ˈbɹækɪt/
One of a set of ranges into which things are grouped, such as for tax or age.
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franc
B2
/fræŋk/
a unit of currency used in Switzerland and several other countries, and formerly used in France, Belgium, and Luxembourg
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cybercrime
B2
Crime that is committed using computers and the Internet, such as stealing data or money.
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impose on
B2
to place an unwanted requirement or burden on someone
Prepositional verb
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Shopping & Services(5)
purchase
B2
/ˈpɝ.t͡ʃəs/
Something that you have bought.
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patron
B2
/ˈpeɪ.tɹən/
A customer of a shop, restaurant, or other business, especially a regular one.
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shoplifting
B2
/ˈʃɑːˌplɪftɪŋ/
The crime of stealing goods from a shop while pretending to be a customer.
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auction off
B2
to sell something to the person who offers the highest price at a public sale
Phrasal verb
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raffle off
B2
to award something as a prize in a raffle
Phrasal verb
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House & Home(20)
roommate
B2
/ˈɹu(m)ˌmeɪt/
A person you share a room with, especially in a college dormitory.
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cabinet
B2
/ˈkæb.ɪ.nɪt/
A piece of furniture with shelves or drawers for storing or showing things.
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villa
B2
/ˈvɪlə/
A large, comfortable house, often in the countryside or by the sea and used for holidays.
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cellar
B2
/ˈsɛləɹ/
An underground room beneath a building, used for storage.
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mansion
B2
/ˈmæn.ʃən/
A very large, grand, and expensive house.
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domestic
B2
/dəˈmes.tɪk/
Relating to the home, the house, or family life.
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backyard
B2
/ˈbæˌkjɑːrd/
The area of ground at the back of a house.
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porch
B2
/pɔɹt͡ʃ/
A covered area at the entrance of a house, often with a roof and sometimes open at the sides.
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bunk
B2
/bʌŋk/
a narrow bed or sleeping berth, especially one fixed to a wall or arranged in tiers on a ship, train, or in shared quarters
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penthouse
B2
/ˈpent.haʊs/
an apartment on the top floor of a tall building, often large and expensive
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doorway
B2
/ˈdɔɹweɪ/
The opening in a wall where a door is, through which you enter or leave.
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farmhouse
B2
/ˈfɑɹmˌhaʊs/
the main house on a farm, traditionally occupied by the farmer and family
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storeroom
B2
/ˈstɔːrˌruːm/
a room in which goods, supplies, furniture, or other items are kept until needed
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commute
B2
/kəˈmjut/
The regular journey between your home and your workplace or school.
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kennel
B2
/ˈkɛ.nəl/
a small shelter or house for a dog
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hearth
B2
/hɑɹθ/
home symbolized as a part of the fireplace
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mover
B2
/ˈmuːvə/
A person whose job is to help people carry their belongings to a new home.
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pane
B2
/pæɪn/
a single flat sheet or section of glass fitted into a window or door
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dormer
B2
/ˈdɔɹmɚ/
A room-like, roofed projection from a sloping roof.
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wipe off
B2
to remove something by rubbing a surface with a cloth or similar object
Phrasal verb
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Cooking & Baking(11)
chop
B2
/t͡ʃɑp/
To cut something into pieces with quick, hard strokes of a knife or axe.
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core
B2
/kɔɹ/
The central or most important part of something.
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dough
B2
/doʊ/
a thick, moldable mixture of flour and liquid, often with other ingredients, that is baked into bread or pastry
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drain
B2
/dɹeɪn/
A pipe or channel that carries away waste water or liquid.
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stew
B2
/stu/
A dish of meat and vegetables cooked slowly in liquid.
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peel
B2
/piːl/
To remove the skin or outer covering from a fruit or vegetable.
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herb
B2
/(h)ɝb/
A plant whose leaves or seeds are used to add flavour to food.
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soak
B2
/soʊk/
To leave something in liquid for a while so it becomes completely wet.
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broth
B2
/brɑːθ/
a savory liquid made by simmering meat, fish, or vegetables in water
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simmer
B2
/ˈsɪmɚ/
to cook gently just below boiling point
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skim off
B2
to remove a substance from the surface of a liquid
Phrasal verb
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Food & Drink(54)
whiskey
B2
/ˈwɪski/
A strong alcoholic drink made from grain such as barley, corn, or rye.
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cherry
B2
/ˈtʃɛri/
A small, round, red or dark fruit with a stone in the middle.
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tub
B2
/tʌb/
A small round plastic container with a lid, used for holding food or other things.
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cocktail
B2
/ˈkɑk.teɪl/
A mixed alcoholic drink, usually made from spirits combined with fruit juice or other flavours.
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pudding
B2
/ˈpʊd.ɪŋ/
A sweet, soft dessert, often made with milk, eggs, or flour.
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olive
B2
/ˈɑ.lɪv/
A small, oval fruit with a stone inside, eaten as food or pressed for its oil; green when unripe, black when ripe.
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pumpkin
B2
/ˈpʌm(p).kɪn/
A large round orange fruit that grows on a vine and is used as food and for decoration.
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tray
B2
/tɹeɪ/
A flat object with raised edges used for carrying food, drinks, or other items.
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coconut
B2
/ˈkoʊ.kəˌnʌt/
The large brown fruit of the coconut palm, with a hard, hairy shell and sweet white flesh inside.
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grocery
B2
/ˈɡɹoʊ.s(ə.)ɹi/
A shop that sells food and household goods.
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peach
B2
/piːt͡ʃ/
A soft, round, juicy fruit with sweet yellow flesh and a fuzzy reddish-yellow skin.
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protein
B2
/ˈpɹoʊ.tiːn/
A nutrient found in foods such as meat, eggs, and beans that the body needs to grow and stay healthy.
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sage
B2
/seɪd͡ʒ/
A herb with grey-green leaves used to add flavor to food.
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microwave
B2
/ˈmaɪkɹəˌweɪv/
An oven that cooks or heats food quickly using electromagnetic waves.
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pickle
B2
/ˈpɪkəl/
A cucumber or other vegetable preserved in vinegar or salty water.
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bourbon
B2
/ˈbɜː(ɹ).bən/
An American whiskey made mostly from corn and aged in charred oak barrels.
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berry
B2
/ˈbɛri/
A small, soft, round fruit such as a strawberry or blueberry.
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cocoa
B2
/ˈkoʊ.koʊ/
A hot drink made with milk or water, cocoa powder, and sugar.
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plum
B2
/plʌm/
A soft, round fruit with smooth skin and a single hard stone in the middle.
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dairy
B2
/ˈdɛɚ.i/
Food made from milk, such as cheese, butter, and yogurt.
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cracker
B2
/ˈkɹæk.ɚ/
a thin, dry, crisp biscuit, often eaten with cheese or a spread
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vitamin
B2
/ˈvaɪ.tə.mɪn/
A natural substance found in food that the body needs in small amounts to stay healthy.
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fiber
B2
/ˈfaɪ.bɚ/
The part of food that helps digestion and passes through the body.
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salsa
B2
/ˈsɑl.sə/
A spicy sauce made from tomatoes, onions, and chilli peppers, often eaten with Mexican food.
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Clothing & Appearance(15)
outfit
B2
/ˈaʊtfɪt/
A set of clothes worn together, often for a special occasion.
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laundry
B2
/ˈlɔːn.dɹi/
Clothes and other items that need to be washed, or that have just been washed.
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hood
B2
/hʊd/
A part of a coat or jacket that covers your head.
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disguise
B2
/dɪsˈɡaɪz/
Clothes, makeup, or other things used to change your appearance and hide who you are.
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pajamas
B2
/pəˈd͡ʒɑ.məz/
A loose set of clothes, usually a top and trousers, worn for sleeping.
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elegance
B2
/ˈɛl.ɪ.ɡəns/
Graceful beauty and good taste in appearance, manners, or style.
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blazer
B2
/ˈbleɪ.zɚ/
a smart jacket resembling a suit jacket but not worn with matching trousers
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overcoat
B2
/ˈoʊvɚkoʊt/
A long, heavy coat worn over other clothes in cold weather.
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kilt
B2
/kɪlt/
a knee-length pleated garment, usually made of tartan cloth and traditionally associated with Scottish Highland dress
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toga
B2
/ˈtoʊɡə/
a long, loose outer garment draped around the body and worn by male citizens of ancient Rome
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waistcoat
B2
/ˈweɪs(t)kəʊt/
A close-fitting sleeveless garment worn over a shirt and usually under a jacket.
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stubble
B2
/ˈstʌbəl/
short, stiff hair that remains or grows after shaving, especially on the face
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buttonhole
B2
/ˈbʌtənˌhoʊl/
a slit in a garment through which a button passes to fasten it
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bind off
B2
to finish knitting by fastening the final row of stitches so they cannot unravel
Phrasal verb
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zip up
B2
to close something by fastening its zipper
Phrasal verb
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Travel(2)
Maritime & Sailing(16)
deck
B2
/ˈdek/
The flat floor of a ship that you can walk on.
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dock
B2
/dɑk/
A place where ships are loaded, unloaded, or repaired.
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bearing
B2
/ˈbɛɹɪŋ/
The way a connection or fact affects or relates to something.
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anchor
B2
/ˈæŋ.kɚ/
A heavy metal object dropped from a boat to stop it from moving.
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yacht
B2
/jɑːt/
A light, fast boat used for pleasure trips or racing.
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knot
B2
/nɑt/
A fastening made by tying a piece of rope, string, or cord.
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tug
B2
/tʌɡ/
To pull something hard, often with a quick or repeated movement.
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navigation
B2
/nævɪˈɡeɪʃən/
The skill of planning and following a route for a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.
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coastline
B2
/ˈkoʊstˌlaɪn/
The outline or shape of a coast where the land meets the sea.
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warship
B2
/ˈwɔɹˌʃɪp/
A ship built and armed for fighting in war.
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shipwreck
B2
/ˈʃɪpɹɛk/
The destruction of a ship at sea, when it sinks or runs aground.
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anchorage
B2
/ˈæŋkəɹɪd͡ʒ/
A place where boats and ships can safely drop anchor.
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frigate
B2
/ˈfrɪgət/
A small, fast warship used to protect other ships.
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capsize
B2
/ˈkæp.saɪz/
to overturn in water, or to cause a boat or other vessel to overturn
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rudder
B2
/ˈɹʌdɚ/
a flat piece, usually at the stern of a ship or aircraft, used for steering
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kayak
B2
/ˈkaɪˌæk/
a small narrow boat usually propelled by a seated paddler using a paddle with a blade at each end
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Aviation & Flight(12)
landing
B2
/ˈlændɪŋ/
The act of coming down to the ground, especially of an aircraft.
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jet
B2
/ˈd͡ʒɛt/
A fast aircraft powered by jet engines instead of propellers.
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radar
B2
/ˈɹeɪˌdɑɹ/
A system that uses radio waves to find the position and speed of distant objects such as ships and planes.
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aircraft
B2
/ˈɛɚ.kɹæft/
A vehicle that can fly, such as a plane or helicopter.
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altitude
B2
/ˈælt.ɪˌtjuːd/
The height of something above sea level or the ground.
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diversion
B2
/dɪˈvɝ.ʒən/
A different route used when the normal road is closed.
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flap
B2
/flæp/
To move up and down or back and forth, especially wings.
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hangar
B2
/ˈhæŋ.ɚ/
a large structure at an airport where aircraft can be stored and maintained
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cockpit
B2
/ˈkɑːkˌpɪt/
the compartment in an aircraft where the pilots sit and operate the controls
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aviation
B2
/ˌeɪviˈeɪʃən/
the activity, science, or practice of designing and operating aircraft
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hover
B2
/ˈhɑvɚ/
To stay in one place in the air, without moving forward.
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propeller
B2
/prəˈpel.ɚ/
a device with blades that rotates to drive an aircraft or vessel through air or water
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Transportation(19)
rocket
B2
/ˈɹɑk.ɪt/
A vehicle or device driven through the air or space by burning fuel.
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interior
B2
/ɪnˈtɪ.ɹi.ɚ/
the inside of a building, vehicle, or other enclosed space.
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scooter
B2
/ˈskuːtɝ/
A small two-wheeled vehicle with a handlebar and a board to stand on, pushed along with one foot.
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caravan
B2
/ˈkæɹəvæn/
A vehicle with beds and cooking equipment that is pulled by a car and used as a home on holiday.
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bumper
B2
/ˈbʌmpəɹ/
A bar at the front and back of a vehicle that absorbs the impact of a crash.
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motorbike
B2
/ˈmoʊtɚˌbaɪk/
A two-wheeled vehicle with an engine; a motorcycle.
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windshield
B2
/ˈwɪndˌʃiːld/
The large glass window at the front of a vehicle that protects those inside from wind and weather.
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battleship
B2
/ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
a large, heavily armored warship armed with powerful guns, especially a twentieth-century capital ship
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hearse
B2
/hɝs/
a vehicle used to carry a coffin to a funeral or burial place
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kerosene
B2
/ˈkɛɹəsiːn/
A thin oil made from petroleum, used as fuel for lamps, heaters, and aircraft.
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liner
B2
/ˈlaɪnɚ/
A large passenger ship that travels a regular route.
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flagship
B2
/ˈflæɡʃɪp/
the ship carrying the commander of a naval fleet and flying that commander's flag
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stagecoach
B2
/ˈsteɪdʒˌkoʊtʃ/
a horse-drawn coach that formerly carried passengers and mail on a regular route between towns
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blinker
B2
/ˈblɪŋkər/
a flashing light on a vehicle that signals an intended turn
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speedometer
B2
/spɪˈdɑː.mə.t̬ɚ/
an instrument in a vehicle that measures and displays its current speed
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smokestack
B2
/ˈsmoʊkˌstæk/
A tall chimney that carries smoke and gases away from a factory, ship, or locomotive.
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ferryboat
B2
/ˈfɛɹiˌboʊt/
A boat that carries people, vehicles, or goods across water on a regular schedule.
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tare
B2
/tɛɹ/
the weight of an empty container or vehicle, deducted from gross weight to find the weight of its contents
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barnacle
B2
/ˈbɑːrnəkəl/
a marine crustacean with a shell that attaches itself permanently to surfaces such as rocks or ship hulls
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Verbs of Movement(7)
retreat
B2
/ɹɪˈtɹiːt/
The act of moving back or away from something dangerous or difficult.
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crawl
B2
/kɹaːl/
To move slowly on your hands and knees or by dragging your body along the ground.
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stride
B2
/stɹaɪd/
To walk with long, confident steps.
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sprint
B2
/spɹɪnt/
To run as fast as you can for a short distance.
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traverse
B2
/tɹəˈvɝs/
To travel or move across an area, especially a large or difficult one.
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flip over
B2
to turn something quickly so that its other side faces upward
Phrasal verb
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swing around
B2
to turn quickly to face another direction
Phrasal verb
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Sports & Fitness(20)
contest¹
B2
/ˈkɑn.tɛst/
A competition in which people try to win or to be the best.
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contest²
B2
/kənˈtɛst/
To formally argue that something is wrong or should not be accepted.
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trophy
B2
/ˈtɹoʊfi/
A cup, statue, or other object given as a prize for winning a competition.
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marathon
B2
/ˈmæɹəˌθɑn/
A long running race of about 42 kilometres (26 miles).
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polo
B2
/ˈpoʊloʊ/
A ball game played on horseback in which two teams use long mallets to hit a ball into the other team's goal.
Meaning
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pitcher
B2
/ˈpɪt͡ʃ.ɚ/
the position on a baseball team of the player who throws the ball for a batter to try to hit
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jockey
B2
/ˈdʒɑː.ki/
a professional rider who competes in horse races
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racism
B2
/ˈɹeɪsɪzm̩/
Unfair treatment of people because they belong to a particular race.
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judo
B2
/ˈd͡ʒudoʊ/
A Japanese sport and martial art in which you try to throw your opponent to the ground.
Meaning
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springer
B2
/ˈsprɪŋɝ/
a springer spaniel, a medium-sized gundog bred to flush game
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soundtrack
B2
/ˈsaʊndˌtɹæk/
The music recorded for a film, video game, or similar work.
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archery
B2
/ˈɑrtʃəri/
the sport, practice, or skill of shooting arrows with a bow
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striker
B2
/ˈstɹaɪkɚ/
in football, an attacking player whose main role is to score goals
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croquet
B2
/kroʊˈkeɪ/
a lawn game in which players use mallets to hit wooden balls through a course of hoops
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backgammon
B2
/ˈbækˌɡæmən/
a board game for two players who move fifteen checkers according to dice rolls and try to bear them all off first
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setter
B2
/ˈsɛtɚ/
a long-haired hunting dog trained to indicate the location of game birds
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Olympiad
B2
/əˈlɪmpiæd/
A major competition modelled on the Olympic Games, often held every four years in a particular field such as maths or science.
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racecourse
B2
/ˈreɪsˌkɔrs/
a track or grounds on which races, especially horse races, are held
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stirrup
B2
/ˈstɪɹəp/
a metal loop attached to a saddle for a rider's foot
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swing at
B2
to move an arm or object in a curve in an attempt to hit a target
Prepositional verb
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Health & Medicine(33)
abuse¹
B2
/əˈbjus/
cruel or violent treatment of a person or animal
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abuse²
B2
/əˈbjuz/
to treat a person or animal in a cruel or violent way
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medication
B2
/mɛdɪˈkeɪʃən/
A medicine, or the medicines a person takes regularly.
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plague
B2
/pleɪɡ/
A very serious infectious disease that spreads quickly and kills many people.
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AIDS
B2
/eɪdz/
A serious, often fatal disease that destroys the body's immune system, spread mainly through blood and sexual contact.
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disorder
B2
/dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/
An illness or condition that affects the normal working of the body or mind.
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dose
B2
/ˈdoʊ̯s/
A measured amount of medicine to be taken at one time.
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physician
B2
/fəˈzɪʃən/
A medical doctor, especially one who treats illness with medicine rather than surgery.
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bacteria
B2
/bækˈtɪɹ.i.ə/
Tiny living things, too small to see, that exist almost everywhere and can cause disease or help digestion.
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hospitality
B2
/ˌhɑ.spɪˈtæl.ə.ti/
Friendly and generous treatment of guests and visitors.
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vaccine
B2
/vækˈsin/
A substance given to people or animals to protect them from a particular disease.
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pneumonia
B2
/nuˈmoʊniə/
A serious illness in which the lungs become inflamed, usually caused by an infection.
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overdose
B2
/ˈoʊvɚˌdoʊs/
an excessive and potentially dangerous or fatal amount of a drug or medicine
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outbreak
B2
/ˈaʊtbɹeɪk/
The sudden start of something unpleasant, especially a disease.
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diarrhea
B2
/ˌdaɪɝˈiːə/
An illness in which a person passes very soft or watery waste from the bowels frequently.
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malaria
B2
/məˈlɛəɹi.ə/
A serious disease spread by mosquito bites that causes fever and chills.
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smallpox
B2
/ˈsmɔlpɑks/
a formerly widespread, often fatal infectious disease caused by variola virus and marked by fever and a pustular rash
Meaning
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penicillin
B2
/ˌpɛn.ɪˈsɪl.ɪn/
An antibiotic medicine made from mould, used to treat infections caused by bacteria.
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pathology
B2
/pəˈθɑːləd͡ʒi/
the branch of medicine that studies the causes, development, and effects of disease
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chemotherapy
B2
/ˌkiːməʊˈθɛɹəpi/
The treatment of cancer using strong chemicals or drugs.
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tuberculosis
B2
/tuˌbɚkjʊˈloʊsɪs/
A serious infectious disease that mainly attacks the lungs, causing coughing, fever, and weight loss.
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germ
B2
/d͡ʒɝm/
A very small living thing that can cause disease, such as a bacterium or virus.
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polio
B2
/ˈpoʊlioʊ/
A serious infectious disease, mainly affecting children, that can damage the nerves and cause paralysis.
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typhoid
B2
/ˈtaɪ.fɔɪd/
A serious infectious disease that causes fever and severe stomach illness, spread through contaminated food or water.
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The Human Body(38)
flesh
B2
/flɛʃ/
The soft part of the body between the skin and the bones.
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fever
B2
/ˈfivɚ/
A body temperature that is higher than normal, usually caused by illness.
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skull
B2
/ˈskʌl/
The bony framework of the head that protects the brain.
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nerve
B2
/nɝv/
One of the thin fibres in your body that carry messages between your brain and other parts.
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tattoo
B2
/tæˈtuː/
A permanent picture or design made on the skin using ink and a needle.
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pulse
B2
/pʌls/
The regular beating of blood through your body, which you can feel at your wrist or neck.
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bum
B2
/bʌm/
The part of the body you sit on; the buttocks
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scar
B2
/skɑɹ/
A permanent mark left on the skin after a wound has healed.
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tan
B2
/ˈtæn/
A brown colour the skin gets after spending time in the sun.
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tumor
B2
/tuː.məɹ/
An abnormal lump of tissue that grows in or on the body and can be harmful.
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X-ray
B2
/ˈɛks ˌɹeɪ/
A photograph of the inside of the body, made using invisible rays that pass through it.
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burial
B2
/ˈbɛɹiəl/
The act of placing a dead body in the ground, usually with a ceremony.
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waist
B2
/weɪst/
The narrow part of the body between the ribs and the hips.
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artery
B2
/ˈɑɹ.təɹ.i/
A tube in the body that carries blood away from the heart.
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vitals
B2
/ˈvaɪtəlz/
the internal organs essential to life, especially the heart, lungs, and brain
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anguish
B2
/ˈæŋ.ɡwɪʃ/
Severe pain or suffering of the mind or body.
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complexion
B2
/kəmˈplɛkʃən/
The natural colour and look of the skin on a person's face.
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ointment
B2
/ˈɔɪn(t)m(ə)nt/
A thick, smooth cream rubbed on the skin to treat or soothe it.
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cortex
B2
/ˈkɔrtɛks/
the outer layer of an organ or body structure, especially the outer part of the brain
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bloodstream
B2
/ˈblʌdˌstriːm/
The blood as it flows around the body.
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mannequin
B2
/ˈmænɪkɪn/
a life-size model of the human body used to display or fit clothing
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inflammation
B2
/ɪnfləˈmeɪ̯ʃən/
A red, hot, painful, and swollen part of the body, caused by injury or infection.
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forearm
B2
/ˈfɔɹˌɑɹm/
the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist
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nosebleed
B2
/ˈnoʊz.bliːd/
an occasion when blood flows from the nose
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Technology & Computing(17)
backup
B2
/ˈbækˌʌp/
A copy of computer files kept separately so you can recover them if the originals are lost.
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database
B2
/ˈdeɪtəˌbeɪs/
A large set of organized information stored in a computer so it can be searched easily.
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hardware
B2
/ˈhɑɹdˌwɛɹ/
The physical parts of a computer, such as the screen, keyboard, and circuits.
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programming
B2
/ˈpɹoʊɡɹæmɪŋ/
The activity of writing computer programs.
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icon
B2
/ˈaɪ.kɑn/
A small picture on a screen that you click to open a program or file.
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registry
B2
/ˈredʒ.ɪ.stri/
an official list or database in which names, events, property, or other information are recorded
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piracy
B2
/ˈpaɪɹəsi/
The illegal copying or selling of films, music, software, or other protected work.
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desktop
B2
/ˈdɛsktɒp/
A computer that sits on a desk, rather than one you carry around.
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browser
B2
/ˈbɹaʊ.zəɹ/
A computer program used to find and look at pages on the internet
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cyberspace
B2
/ˈsaɪ.bəɹˌspeɪs/
The Internet and the online world as a whole.
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spreadsheet
B2
/ˈspɹɛd.ʃit/
A computer program that organizes data in a grid of rows and columns for calculation and analysis.
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bookmark
B2
/ˈbʊk.mɑː(ɹ)k/
A saved link to a website that lets you return to it quickly.
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cursor
B2
/ˈkɜɹsəɹ/
A small moving mark or arrow on a computer screen that shows where you are typing or pointing.
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antivirus
B2
/ˈantɪvʌɪrəs/
Software used to find, block, and remove computer viruses.
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microcomputer
B2
/ˈmaɪˌkroʊkəmˈpjuːtɝ/
A small computer built around a microprocessor, designed for use by one person.
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cyberpet
B2
A virtual pet that you look after through a computer program or device.
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hook up
B2
to connect devices or systems so that they can work together
Phrasal verb
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Literature & Storytelling(9)
verse
B2
/ˈvɝs/
A group of lines that form one unit of a song or poem.
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refrain
B2
/ɹɪˈfɹeɪn/
To stop yourself from doing something.
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genre
B2
/ˈ(d)ʒɑnɹə/
A particular type or style of art, literature, music, or film.
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ballad
B2
/ˈbæləd/
A slow, romantic song.
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symbolism
B2
/ˈsɪmbəˌlɪzəm/
Representation of a concept through symbols or underlying meanings of objects or qualities.
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bestseller
B2
/ˈbɛstˈsɛlɝ/
A book or product that sells in very large numbers.
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sonnet
B2
/ˈsɒnɪt/
A poem of fourteen lines with a fixed rhyme scheme.
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stanza
B2
/ˈstænzə/
A group of lines in a poem, like a paragraph in writing.
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subplot
B2
/ˈsʌb.plɑt/
A second, less important story within the main story of a book, film, or play.
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Media & Publishing(6)
editorial
B2
/ˌɛdɪˈtɔɹiəl/
An article in a newspaper or magazine giving the editors' opinion on a topic.
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publication
B2
/ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/
A book, magazine, or other printed work that is made available to people.
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brochure
B2
/bɹoʊˈʃʊɚ/
A small thin book or magazine with pictures, usually advertising something or giving information
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illustration
B2
/ˌɪl.əˈstɹeɪ.ʃən/
A picture or drawing in a book, magazine, or other text.
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anchorman
B2
/ˈæŋkɝˌmæn/
The main male presenter of a television or radio news programme.
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anchorperson
B2
The main presenter of a television or radio news programme.
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Photography & Images(12)
perspective
B2
/pɚˈspɛk.tɪv/
A particular way of thinking about or judging a situation.
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lighting
B2
/ˈlaɪtɪŋ/
The lights in a place, or the way a place is lit.
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pose
B2
/poʊz/
To hold a particular position so that someone can paint, draw, or photograph you.
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exposure
B2
/ɪkˈspoʊ.ʒɚ/
The state of being affected by something, such as a substance or influence.
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lens
B2
/lɛnz/
A curved piece of glass or plastic that focuses light, used in cameras, glasses, and microscopes.
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zoom
B2
/zuːm/
To move very fast, often with a humming sound.
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resolution
B2
/ˌɹɛzəˈluːʃ(ə)n/
A firm decision to do or not do something.
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blur
B2
/blɝ/
To make something unclear or hard to see clearly.
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tripod
B2
/ˈtɹaɪpɑd/
a three-legged stand or support for a camera, instrument, vessel, or other object
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reflector
B2
/rɪˈflɛktɚ/
a surface or device that sends light, heat, sound, or other radiation back
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retouch
B2
/ˌriˈtʌtʃ/
to improve or alter an image, artwork, or other object by making small corrections to its details
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pixel
B2
/ˈpɪk.səl/
one of the tiny picture elements that together form a digital image
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Music Theory(6)
timing
B2
/ˈtaɪmɪŋ/
The choice of the right moment for something to happen.
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pitch
B2
/pɪt͡ʃ/
To throw a ball, especially to a batter in baseball.
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melody
B2
/ˈmɛl.ə.di/
A sequence of musical notes that forms a tune.
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variation
B2
/ˌvɛəɹiˈeɪʃn̩/
A change or difference in amount, level, or form.
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notation
B2
/noʊˈteɪ.ʃən/
a system of written symbols and rules used to represent quantities, sounds, moves, or other specialized information
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semitone
B2
/ˈsɛmɪtoʊn/
music: the smallest interval in the standard chromatic scale of Western music, equal to half a whole tone
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Art & Music(7)
ballet
B2
/bælˈeɪ/
A graceful, classical form of dance, often performed to tell a story with music.
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masterpiece
B2
/ˈmæstɚˌpis/
A work of art or skill that is outstanding and widely admired.
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funk
B2
/fɐŋk/
A style of dance music with a strong rhythm, related to jazz and soul.
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artwork
B2
/ˈɑɹtˌwɝk/
A painting, drawing, sculpture, or other piece of visual art.
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sculptor
B2
/ˈskʌlptɚ/
an artist who creates sculpture by carving, modeling, casting, or assembling materials
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reggae
B2
/ˈɹɛɡeɪ/
A style of popular music from Jamaica with a strong, steady rhythm and a heavy bass.
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showbiz
B2
/ˈʃoʊˌbɪz/
The entertainment industry, including film, television, theatre, and music.
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Film & Television(6)
cast
B2
/kast/
To choose an actor for a role in a film or play.
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trailer
B2
/ˈtɹeɪlɚ/
A short preview of a film or TV show.
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screening
B2
/ˈskɹiːnɪŋ/
The process of testing or checking people or things to find any with a particular feature or problem.
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edit
B2
/ˈɛdɪt/
To change or correct a piece of writing to improve it.
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projector
B2
/pɹəˈdʒɛktɚ/
a device that projects an enlarged image or beam of light onto a surface
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sitcom
B2
/ˈsɪtˌkɑm/
a comedy series built around a recurring group of characters and their everyday situations
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Theater & Performance(6)
mask
B2
/mask/
A covering for the face, used for protection or to hide who you are.
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opera
B2
/ˈɑp.ə.ɹə/
A dramatic play set to music in which the words are sung rather than spoken.
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audition
B2
/ɑˈdɪʃən/
A short performance to show whether an actor, singer, or musician is suitable for a role.
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rehearsal
B2
/ɹɪˈhɝsl̩/
A practice session to prepare for a public performance such as a play or concert.
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rehearse
B2
/ɹɪˈhɝs/
to practise a play, piece of music, speech, or other performance before presenting it publicly
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auditorium
B2
/ˌɔdəˈtɔɹiəm/
a large room or hall where an audience gathers for performances, lectures, or meetings
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Entertainment & Leisure(2)
Astronomy & Space(10)
revolution
B2
/ˌɹɛv.əˈluː.ʃən/
A sudden, often violent attempt by people to overthrow a government and change the political system.
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solar
B2
/ˈsoʊ.ləɹ/
Relating to the sun.
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telescope
B2
/ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/
An instrument that makes distant objects look closer and larger, especially stars and planets.
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crater
B2
/ˈkɹeɪ.tɚ/
A large bowl-shaped hole in the ground made by an impact or explosion.
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astronomy
B2
/əˈstɹɑn.ə.mi/
The scientific study of the stars, planets, and the universe.
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meteorite
B2
/ˈmiːtiəˌraɪt/
a piece of rock or metal from space that survives passage through an atmosphere and reaches the ground
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supernova
B2
/ˌsuː.pɚˈnoʊ.və/
an extremely energetic stellar explosion that makes a star suddenly become vastly more luminous
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wavelength
B2
/ˈweɪvˌlɛŋ(k)θ/
a shared orientation leading to mutual understanding
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spacecraft
B2
/ˈspeɪsˌkɹæft/
a vehicle designed to travel or operate in outer space
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blast off
B2
to launch or rise with great force, especially at the start of a rocket flight
Phrasal verb
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Chemistry(12)
acid
B2
/ˈæsəd/
A chemical substance, often sour or corrosive, that reacts with bases and can dissolve metals.
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copper
B2
/ˈkɑpəɹ/
A soft reddish-brown metal (symbol Cu) used in wires, pipes, and coins.
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carbon
B2
/ˈkɑɹ.bən/
A chemical element (symbol C) found in all living things, and in forms such as graphite and diamond.
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potassium
B2
/pəˈtæs.i.əm/
the chemical element with symbol K and atomic number 19, a soft, silvery, highly reactive alkali metal that occurs naturally only in compounds
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ion
B2
/ˈaɪ.ɑn/
an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative electrical charge because it has lost or gained electrons
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sulfur
B2
/ˈsʊl.fə/
A bright yellow chemical element (symbol S) with a strong smell, used in matches, gunpowder, and many industrial products.
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neutron
B2
/ˈnu.tɹɑn/
an elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton
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enzyme
B2
/ˈɛn.zaɪm/
a protein or RNA molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reaction without being consumed by it
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magnesium
B2
/ˌmæɡˈnizi.əm/
the chemical element with atomic number 12, a light, silvery-white metal that burns with an intense white flame
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proton
B2
/ˈpɹoʊ.tɑn/
A positively charged subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom and determining the atomic number of an element, composed of two up quarks and a down quark.
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beaker
B2
/ˈbiː.kɚ/
a straight-sided, flat-bottomed laboratory container, usually with a pouring lip
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evaporation
B2
/ɪˌvæpəˈreɪʃən/
the process by which a liquid changes into a gas, especially at its surface
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Physics(10)
motion
B2
/ˈmoʊ.ʃən/
The act or process of moving; movement.
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resistance
B2
/ɹɪˈzɪstəns/
The act of fighting against or refusing to accept something.
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laser
B2
/ˈleɪzɚ/
A device that produces a narrow, powerful beam of light.
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circuit
B2
/ˈsɝ.kɪt/
A complete path that an electric current flows around.
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fluid
B2
/ˈfluɪd/
A liquid; a substance that flows.
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friction
B2
/ˈfɹɪkʃən̩/
The rubbing of one object or surface against another.
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vibration
B2
/vaɪˈbɹeɪʃən/
A continuous shaking movement, or the act of shaking quickly back and forth.
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relativity
B2
/ɹɛl.əˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/
(physics) The scientific theory that space and time are not fixed but depend on the observer's motion.
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compression
B2
/kəmˈpɹeʃ.ən/
the act of pressing or squeezing something into a smaller space
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transistor
B2
/tɹænˈzɪs.tɚ/
A small electronic part used in devices to control or boost electrical signals.
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Biology & Genetics(11)
DNA
B2
/ˌdiˌɛnˈeɪ/
The substance in living cells that carries genetic information and passes on characteristics.
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species
B2
/ˈspiːʃiːz/
A group of living things that are similar and can breed with one another.
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evolution
B2
/ˌɛvəˈluʃ(ə)n/
The gradual process by which something changes and develops over time.
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inherit
B2
/ɪnˈhɛɹɪt/
To receive money, property, or a title from someone after they die.
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membrane
B2
/ˈmɛm.bɹeɪn/
a thin pliable sheet of material
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respiration
B2
/ɹɛspɪˈɹeɪʃən/
The process of breathing in and out.
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classification
B2
/ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
The act of arranging things into groups based on shared qualities.
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botany
B2
/ˈbɑ.tə.ni/
The scientific study of plants.
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microbe
B2
/ˈmaɪkɹoʊb/
A tiny living thing too small to see without a microscope, such as a bacterium that can cause disease.
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biotechnology
B2
/ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɑːlədʒi/
The use of living things, such as cells or bacteria, to make medicines, foods, and other useful products.
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photosynthesis
B2
/ˌfoʊ.toʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/
the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use light energy to make energy-rich chemical compounds
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Science & Research(11)
uranium
B2
/ˌjuːˈɹeɪniəm/
The element with atomic number 92 and symbol U. A radioactive silvery-grey metal in the actinide series.
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silicon
B2
/ˈsɪl.ə.kən/
the chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14, a hard, brittle semiconductor abundant in rocks as silica and silicates and widely used in electronic devices
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hydraulics
B2
/haɪˈdrɑː.lɪks/
the science and engineering of liquids in motion and their use to transmit force
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phosphorus
B2
/ˈfɑs.fɚ.əs/
A chemical element (symbol P) with an atomic number of 15, that exists in several allotropic forms.
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radium
B2
/ˈɹeɪ.di.əm/
A radioactive metal element (symbol Ra) that glows and was once used in medicine.
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forestry
B2
/ˈfɒɹ.ɪst.ɹi/
The science and work of planting and looking after forests.
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manganese
B2
/ˈmæŋɡəˌniːz/
the chemical element with atomic number 25, a hard gray metal used especially to strengthen steel and in batteries
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morphology
B2
/mɔɹˈfɑ.lə.d͡ʒi/
the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants
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experimenter
B2
/ɪkˈsper.əˌmen.tɚ/
a scientist or researcher who conducts an experiment
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interbreeding
B2
/ˌɪntɚˈbriːdɪŋ/
reproduction between animals or plants from different populations, breeds, varieties, or closely related species
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hybridism
B2
/ˈhaɪbrɪdɪzəm/
the production of hybrids by crossing different species, varieties, or breeds
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Mathematics & Measurement(11)
dimension
B2
/dɪˈmɛn.ʃən/
A measurement such as length, width, or height.
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triangle
B2
/ˈtɹaɪˌæŋɡəl/
A flat shape with three straight sides and three angles.
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equation
B2
/ɪˈkweɪ.ʒən/
A mathematical statement that two amounts or expressions are equal.
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ounce
B2
/aʊns/
A unit of weight equal to about 28 grams, or one sixteenth of a pound.
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statistics
B2
/stəˈtɪs.tɪks/
A set of numbers that gives information about something.
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pi
B2
/paɪ/
The number (about 3.14159) you get when you divide a circle's circumference by its diameter.
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theta
B2
/ˈθeɪtə/
the measure of an angle.
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geometry
B2
/d͡ʒiˈɑ.mə.tɹi/
the branch of mathematics that studies points, lines, shapes, surfaces, and spatial relationships
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millimeter
B2
/ˈmɪləˌmitɚ/
A unit of length equal to one thousandth of a metre.
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width
B2
/ˈwɪtθ/
How wide something is; the distance from one side to the other.
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carat
B2
/ˈkɛrət/
a metric unit of mass equal to 200 milligrams, used for gemstones and pearls
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Nature & Landscape(10)
desert²
B2
/dɪˈzɝt/
To leave someone or something, especially when you should stay.
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tunnel
B2
/ˈtʌn(ə)l/
A passage built under the ground or through a hill, often for trains, cars, or people.
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ranger
B2
/ˈɹeɪ̯nd͡ʒɚ/
An official who looks after and protects a forest or park.
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creek
B2
/kɹik/
A small natural stream of water, smaller than a river.
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peak
B2
/piːk/
The pointed top of a mountain.
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wilderness
B2
/ˈwɪldɚnəs/
A wild, natural area where few or no people live.
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gorge
B2
/ɡɔɹd͡ʒ/
A deep, narrow valley with steep, rocky sides, usually with a river running through it.
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mountainside
B2
/ˈmaʊn.tən.saɪd/
the sloping side of a mountain
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moonscape
B2
A bare, empty landscape that looks like the surface of the moon.
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seacoast
B2
/ˈsiːˌkoʊst/
land along the edge of the sea
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Animals(57)
martin
B2
/ˈmɑɹ.tɪn/
a swallow-like bird with long pointed wings that catches insects while flying
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wolf
B2
/wʊlf/
A large wild animal of the dog family that hunts in groups.
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jay
B2
/ˈd͡ʒeɪ/
a noisy, often brightly colored bird of the crow family, typically with a crest
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fox
B2
/fɑks/
A wild animal like a small dog, with reddish-brown fur, pointed ears, and a long bushy tail.
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bat
B2
/bæt/
A small flying animal that comes out at night and feeds on insects or fruit.
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seal
B2
/siːl/
A sea animal with smooth fur and flippers that lives partly in water and partly on land.
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goat
B2
/ɡoʊt/
A farm animal with horns, kept for its milk, meat, and wool.
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eagle
B2
/ˈiːɡəl/
A large, powerful bird of prey with a hooked beak and very sharp eyesight.
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barn
B2
[ˈbɑɹn]
A large farm building used to store crops or keep animals.
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ranch
B2
/ˈɹænt͡ʃ/
a large farm or tract of land used primarily for raising cattle, sheep, horses, or other livestock
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deer
B2
/dɪɹ/
A wild animal with long legs and hooves; the males often have antlers.
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donkey
B2
/ˈdɑŋ.ki/
A grey animal with long ears, similar to a small horse, used for carrying loads.
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ling
B2
/ˈlɪŋ/
A long, slender saltwater fish related to cod, often eaten as food.
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swan
B2
/swɑn/
A large water bird with a long neck and usually white feathers.
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owl
B2
/aʊ(ə)l/
A bird of prey that is active mainly at night, with large forward-facing eyes, a flat face, and excellent hearing.
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dove
B2
/dʌv/
A small, usually white or grey bird similar to a pigeon, often used as a symbol of peace.
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falcon
B2
/ˈfælkən/
a fast-flying bird of prey of the genus Falco, with long pointed wings and a hooked beak
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crocodile
B2
/ˈkɹɑkədaɪl/
A large reptile with a long body, powerful jaws, and sharp teeth that lives in and near rivers in hot countries.
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leopard
B2
/ˈlɛp.ɚd/
A large wild cat with a spotted coat, found in Africa and Asia.
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leash
B2
/ˈliːʃ/
A strap, cord, or rope used to hold and control an animal, especially a dog.
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octopus
B2
/ˈɑktəpʊs/
a soft-bodied sea animal with eight sucker-bearing arms
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paw
B2
/pɔ/
The foot of an animal such as a dog, cat, or bear, that has claws.
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sparrow
B2
/ˈspæɹ.oʊ/
A small, common brown and gray bird with a short beak.
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clam
B2
/klæm/
A sea animal with a soft body inside two hard shells, often eaten as food.
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Gardening & Horticulture(16)
bud
B2
/bʌd/
A small swelling on a plant that grows into a leaf or flower
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stake
B2
/steɪk/
A share or financial interest in a business or situation.
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weed
B2
/wiːd/
A wild plant growing where it is not wanted, especially among crops or in a garden.
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lawn
B2
/lɔn/
An area of short, regularly cut grass, usually around a house or in a garden.
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hose
B2
/hoʊz/
a long flexible tube used to carry water, gas, or another fluid
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nursery
B2
/ˈnɝsəɹi/
A place where young children are looked after while their parents work.
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blossom
B2
/ˈblɑ.səm/
A flower or mass of flowers, especially on a fruit tree.
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hedge
B2
/ˈhed͡ʒ/
A row of bushes or small trees that forms a boundary or fence.
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manure
B2
/məˈnʊɹ/
To cultivate by manual labor; to till; hence, to develop by culture.
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drainage
B2
/ˈdɹeɪnɪdʒ/
the process of removing excess liquid or allowing it to flow away
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compost
B2
/ˈkɑmpoʊst/
decayed organic material used to fertilize soil and improve its structure
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ripen
B2
/ˈraɪ.pən/
to become ripe and ready to eat or harvest
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loam
B2
/loʊm/
fertile soil containing a balanced mixture of sand, silt, and clay, often with organic matter
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tuber
B2
/ˈtuːbɚ/
a thickened underground plant stem or root that stores nutrients and can produce new growth
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chop off
B2
to remove a part with a sharp cutting stroke
Phrasal verb
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tread on
B2
to put a foot on something
Prepositional verb
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Plants & Agriculture(40)
rose
B2
/ɹoʊz/
A flower with a sweet smell and a thorny stem, often given as a sign of love.
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holly
B2
/ˈhɑli/
an evergreen shrub or small tree of the genus Ilex, typically with glossy prickly leaves and red berries
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trunk
B2
/tɹʌŋk/
The thick main stem of a tree.
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reed
B2
/ɹiːd/
A tall, thin plant with a hollow stem that grows in or near water.
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mill
B2
/mɪl/
A building or factory where grain is crushed into flour, or where materials like cloth or paper are made.
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pine
B2
/ˈpaɪn/
A tall evergreen tree with long thin needles instead of leaves.
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wheat
B2
/wiːt/
A cereal grain grown for food and used to make flour for bread, pasta, and other foods.
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hay
B2
/heɪ/
Grass that is cut and dried to feed animals.
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jasmine
B2
/ˈdʒæz.mɪn/
a shrub or climbing plant of the genus Jasminum, known for its fragrant white or yellow flowers
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lotus
B2
/ˈloʊtəs/
a large-flowered aquatic plant of the genus Nelumbo, especially the sacred lotus of Asia
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thorn
B2
/θɔːrn/
a hard, sharp-pointed growth on a plant, botanically often a modified stem or branch
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pip
B2
/pɪp/
a small, hard seed inside an apple, orange, or similar fruit, chiefly in British English
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linen
B2
/ˈlɪnɪn/
A strong cloth or thread made from the flax plant.
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lavender
B2
/ˈlævəndɚ/
an aromatic Mediterranean plant with narrow leaves and spikes of small purple flowers
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orchid
B2
/ˈɔɹ.kɪd/
A plant with unusually shaped flowers in beautiful colours, popular as a houseplant.
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stalk
B2
/stɔk/
a plant's main stem, or another slender structure that supports an attached part
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almond
B2
/ˈɑːl.mənd/
the edible oval seed of the almond tree, commonly treated as a nut
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walnut
B2
/ˈwɔlnət/
An edible nut with a hard, wrinkled shell and a brain-shaped seed inside.
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barley
B2
/ˈbɑɹli/
A grain crop used as food and for making beer and whisky.
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tulip
B2
/ˈtulɪp/
A garden plant that grows from a bulb and produces a single, brightly coloured, cup-shaped flower in spring.
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fir
B2
/fɝ/
an evergreen conifer, especially a tree of the genus Abies with needlelike leaves and upright cones
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elm
B2
/ɛlm/
a tall deciduous tree of the genus Ulmus, often grown for shade or timber
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bran
B2
/bræn/
the tough outer layers of a cereal grain, separated from flour during milling and used as food or animal feed
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silo
B2
/ˈsaɪ.loʊ/
a tall structure used to store grain or fermented animal feed
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Weather & Climate(3)
Environment & Ecology(1)
Places & Geography(56)
hell
B2
/hɛl/
In some religions, a place of punishment where evil people are believed to go after death.
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estate
B2
/ɛˈsteɪt/
A large area of land owned by one person or family, usually with a big house.
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navy
B2
/ˈneɪvi/
The part of a country's armed forces that fights at sea, including its ships and sailors.
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territory
B2
/ˈtɛɹɪˌtɔɹi/
An area of land controlled by a country or government.
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lap
B2
/ˈlæp/
The flat area formed by the top of your thighs when you are sitting down.
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cemetery
B2
/ˈsɛm.ɪˌtɛɹ.i/
A place where dead people are buried.
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embassy
B2
/ˈɛmbəsi/
The official building where a country's representatives work in a foreign country.
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ally
B2
/ˈæl.aɪ/
A country or group that agrees to support another, especially in war or politics.
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residence
B2
/ˈɹɛz.ɪ.dəns/
The place where someone lives; a home.
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sector
B2
/ˈsɛk.təɹ/
a part of a country's economy or business activity
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lobby
B2
/ˈlɑ.bi/
A large entrance area or waiting room inside a building.
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resort
B2
/ɹɪˈzɔːt/
A place where people go on holiday for rest and recreation.
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colony
B2
/ˈkɔl.ə.ni/
A country or area controlled by another, more powerful country.
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rash
B2
/ˈræʃ/
An area of red, irritated spots on the skin.
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peg
B2
/pɛɡ/
A short pin or hook used to hang things on or to fasten something in place.
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spa
B2
/ˈspɑ/
A place where people go to relax and have treatments like massages and facials.
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salon
B2
/səˈlɑn/
A place where people go to have their hair or beauty treatments done.
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battlefield
B2
/ˈbætəlˌfiːld/
The place where a battle is fought or has been fought.
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mint
B2
/mɪnt/
A place where coins are officially made.
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urban
B2
/ˈɜɹbən/
Relating to or located in a city or town.
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refuge
B2
/ˈɹɛfjuːd͡ʒ/
A safe place where you are protected from danger or trouble.
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terrace
B2
/ˈtɛɹəs/
A flat, usually paved outdoor area next to a house or restaurant.
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province
B2
/ˈpɹɑv.ɪns/
A large area that a country is divided into for government, like a state.
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nightclub
B2
/ˈnʌɪtklʌb/
A place that opens late at night where people go to drink, dance, and listen to music.
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Law & Government(9)
penalty
B2
/ˈpɛn.əl.ti/
A punishment given for breaking a rule or law.
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parliament
B2
/ˈpɑɹ.lə.mənt/
The group of elected people who make a country's laws.
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obligation
B2
/ˌɑ.blɪˈɡeɪ.ʃn̩/
Something you must do because of a law, promise, or moral duty.
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chancellor
B2
/ˈt͡ʃænsələ/
A senior government official, often in charge of finance or law.
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legislation
B2
/ˌlɛd͡ʒɪˈsleɪʃən/
A law or set of laws made by a government.
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regency
B2
/ˈriːdʒənsi/
government by a regent on behalf of a monarch who is absent, underage, or unable to rule
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crier
B2
/ˈkɹaɪɚ/
historical: an official who publicly announced news, proclamations, or court proceedings
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criterion
B2
/kɹɪˈtɪəɹi.ən/
A standard or rule used to judge or compare things.
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inquire into
B2
to investigate or seek information about a matter
Prepositional verb
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Politics & International Affairs(5)
minister
B2
/ˈmɪn.əˌstɚ/
A senior politician in charge of a government department.
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ambassador
B2
/æmˈbæs.ə.dɚ/
The most senior official who represents their country in a foreign country.
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federation
B2
/ˌfed.əˈreɪ.ʃən/
a political union whose constituent states or regions retain some internal self-government
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treaty
B2
/ˈtɹiti/
A formal written agreement between two or more countries.
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ally with
B2
to join another person, group, or country for a shared purpose
Prepositional verb
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Crime & Justice(6)
trial
B2
/ˈtɹaɪəl/
A legal process in court where evidence is examined to decide if someone is guilty of a crime.
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assault
B2
/əˈsɔlt/
To attack someone violently.
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burglary
B2
/ˈbɝ.ɡlɚ.i/
The crime of breaking into a building in order to steal.
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imprisonment
B2
/ˌɪmˈprɪzənmənt/
The punishment of being kept in prison.
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rip off
B2
to cheat someone, especially by charging too much money
Phrasal verb
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stow away
B2
to hide aboard a vehicle in order to travel without permission or payment
Phrasal verb
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War & Conflict(16)
sergeant
B2
/ˈsɑɹ.d͡ʒənt/
The highest rank of noncommissioned officer in some non-naval military forces and police.
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alliance
B2
/əˈlaɪ.əns/
An agreement between countries or groups to work together, often for military or political reasons.
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corporal
B2
/ˈkoɹ.pɚ.əl/
A low-ranking officer in the army, above a private and below a sergeant.
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missile
B2
/ˈmɪs.(ə)l/
A flying weapon that is powered and can be steered toward its target.
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regiment
B2
/ˈɹɛd͡ʒɪmənt/
a military unit made up of several smaller groups of soldiers
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cavalry
B2
/ˈkæ.vəl.ɹi/
The military arm of service that fights while riding horses.
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bomber
B2
/ˈbɑmɚ/
A military aircraft built to carry and drop bombs.
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troop
B2
/tɹuːp/
Soldiers, especially when thought of as a group.
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outpost
B2
/ˈaʊt.poʊst/
a small military position located some distance from the main force or base
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firearm
B2
/ˈfaɪəɹˌɑː(ɹ)m/
A gun that can be carried and used as a weapon.
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wartime
B2
/ˈwɔː(ɹ)taɪm/
A period of time during which a war is being fought.
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blaster
B2
/ˈblæs.tɚ/
a powerful fictional hand weapon that fires an energy beam or pulse
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paratrooper
B2
/ˈpæɹətɹupəɹ/
A soldier trained to jump from aircraft by parachute into a battle area.
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fire brigade
B2
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skirmish
B2
/ˈskɝmɪʃ/
a small fight or battle between two groups
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yield up
B2
to surrender something under pressure or force
Phrasal verb
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Religion & Belief(10)
faith
B2
/feɪθ/
Strong belief or trust in someone or something.
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temple
B2
/ˈtɛm.pl̩/
A building used for worship in some religions.
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thanksgiving
B2
/ˌθæŋksˈɡɪvɪŋ/
the expression of gratitude, especially in a prayer or religious observance
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ritual
B2
/ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/
A set of actions always performed in the same way, especially in a religious ceremony.
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worship
B2
/ˈwɝ.ʃɪp/
To show love and respect for a god, especially through prayer or religious ceremonies.
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pastor
B2
/ˈpæs.tɚ/
A leader of a Christian church who guides and cares for its members.
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hallelujah
B2
/ˌhælɪˈluːjə/
used to praise or thank God, especially in worship or song
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providence
B2
/ˈpɹɑvɪdəns/
the protective guidance, care, or ordering of events attributed to God or another divine power
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scripture
B2
/ˈskɹɪptʃɚ/
the sacred writings of a religion, considered collectively, or a particular sacred text
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psalm
B2
/sɑm/
a sacred song or poem used in Jewish or Christian worship
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Culture & History(2)
Materials & Substances(73)
hook
B2
/hʊk/
A curved piece of metal or plastic used to hang, hold, or catch things.
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badge
B2
/bæd͡ʒ/
A small piece of metal, plastic, or cloth worn to show who you are, your rank, or that you belong to a group.
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leak
B2
/liːk/
A hole or crack that lets liquid or gas pass through by accident.
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patch
B2
/pæt͡ʃ/
A piece of material used to cover and repair a hole in clothing or another object.
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sack
B2
/ˈsæk/
A large bag made of strong material like cloth or paper, used for carrying things.
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shield
B2
/ˈʃiːld/
A broad piece of metal, wood, or other material held in the hand to protect the body in battle.
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beam
B2
/biːm/
A long, thick piece of wood or metal used to support a building or structure.
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flame
B2
/fleɪm/
The bright burning gas you see in a fire.
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gum
B2
/ɡʌm/
A sweet, soft substance that you chew but do not swallow.
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spray
B2
/spɹeɪ/
Tiny drops of liquid blown or scattered through the air.
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concrete
B2
/ˌkɑnˈkɹit/
a hard building material made by mixing cement, sand, and water
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compound²
B2
/kəmˈpaʊnd/
to make a problem or bad situation worse
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pad
B2
/pæd/
A thick, soft piece of material used for protection, comfort, or to absorb liquid.
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thread
B2
/θɹɛd/
A thin strand of cotton, silk, or other material used for sewing.
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fabric
B2
/ˈfæb.ɹɪk/
Cloth or material made by weaving or knitting threads together.
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rug
B2
/ɹʌɡ/
A thick piece of fabric used to cover part of a floor.
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urine
B2
/ˈjʊrɪn/
the liquid waste produced by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and discharged from the body
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jingle
B2
/ˈdʒɪŋɡəl/
a light, repeated ringing sound made when small metal or glass objects strike one another
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pint
B2
/paɪnt/
A unit for measuring liquid, equal to about half a litre.
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pyramid
B2
/ˈpɪrəmɪd/
a solid shape with a polygonal base and triangular sides that meet at a point
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mercury
B2
/ˈmɜɹkjəɹi/
a heavy, silvery chemical element that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
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publishing
B2
/ˈpʌblɪʃɪŋ/
The business of producing and selling books, magazines, and other written material.
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coral
B2
/ˈkɔɚɹəl/
A hard, stony substance formed in the sea by tiny animals, often building large reefs.
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cube
B2
/kjub/
A solid shape with six equal square sides, like a dice or a box.
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Architecture & Buildings(3)
arch
B2
/ɑɹt͡ʃ/
A curved structure that spans an opening and supports the weight above it.
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mortar
B2
/ˈmɔrtɝ/
A paste of cement, sand and water that holds bricks or stones together as it dries.
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ornament
B2
/ˈɔɹnəmənt/
An object used to decorate something and make it more attractive.
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Tools, Machines & Construction(41)
siren
B2
/ˈsaɪɹən/
a device that produces a loud, rising and falling sound as a warning, or the sound it makes
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gear
B2
/ˈɡiə/
The equipment, clothing, or tools needed for a particular activity.
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blade
B2
/bleɪd/
The flat, sharp cutting part of a knife, sword, or tool.
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crane
B2
/kɹeɪn/
a tall machine with a projecting arm, used to lift and move heavy objects
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mode
B2
/moʊd/
A particular way in which a machine or system operates.
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breakdown
B2
/ˈbɹeɪkˌdaʊn/
A failure of a machine or system to keep working.
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generator
B2
/ˈdʒɛnəˌreɪtɚ/
a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
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microphone
B2
/ˈmaɪ.kɹəˌfoʊn/
A device that turns sound into an electrical signal so it can be recorded or made louder.
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facilities
B2
/fəˈsɪlɪtiz/
Buildings, equipment, or services provided for a particular purpose.
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detector
B2
/dɪˈtɛktɝ/
a device that senses and registers a substance, signal, or physical phenomenon
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cutter
B2
/ˈkʌtɚ/
a tool or machine used for cutting a particular material
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ax
B2
/æks/
A tool with a heavy metal blade on a handle, used for cutting wood.
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pedal
B2
/ˈpɛdəl/
A lever you press with your foot to control or power a machine such as a bicycle, car, or piano.
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screwdriver
B2
/ˈskɹuˌdɹaɪvɚ/
a hand or power tool shaped to engage a screw head so that the screw can be tightened or loosened
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rooftop
B2
/ˈruːf.tɑːp/
the outside upper surface of a building's roof
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microscope
B2
/ˈmaɪ.kɹəˌskoʊp/
An instrument that makes very small objects look much bigger so they can be studied.
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component
B2
/kəmˈpoʊnənt/
One of the parts that make up a larger machine, system, or whole.
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cello
B2
/ˈt͡ʃɛloʊ/
A large wooden string instrument played with a bow while seated.
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thermometer
B2
/θɚˈmɒmɪtɚ/
An instrument used to measure temperature.
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scuba
B2
/ˈskuːbə/
Breathing equipment that lets divers stay and breathe underwater.
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saxophone
B2
/ˈsæksəˌfoʊn/
a usually brass, single-reed woodwind instrument with a conical tube and finger-operated keys
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trombone
B2
/trɑmˈboʊn/
a low-pitched brass instrument whose tube is usually lengthened and shortened with a movable slide
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catapult
B2
/ˈkætəˌpʌlt/
a device or ancient engine that launches a projectile with force
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tongs
B2
/tɔŋz/
a tool with two joined arms used to grip, lift, or hold objects without touching them directly
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Energy & Industry(2)
Safety & Risk(2)
Social Issues & Human Rights(3)
Ethics & Social Judgment(6)
conscience
B2
/ˈkɑn.ʃəns/
The part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is right or wrong.
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dignity
B2
/ˈdɪɡnɪti/
The quality of being worthy of respect, and of respecting yourself.
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virtue
B2
/ˈvɜːt͡ʃuː/
A good moral quality in a person.
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immoral
B2
/ɪˈmɔɹəl/
Morally wrong; not following accepted rules of right behaviour.
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knighthood
B2
/ˈnaɪthʊd/
the rank, title, or dignity of a knight, especially an honor conferred by a British monarch
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disapprove of
B2
to believe that someone or something is wrong or unacceptable
Prepositional verb
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Cause, Change & Process(10)
alter
B2
/ˈɔl.təɹ/
To change something, or make it different.
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adjustment
B2
/əˈd͡ʒɐst.mənt/
a small change made to something to improve it or make it fit
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supplement
B2
/ˈsʌp.lə.mənt/
Something added to make up for what is missing or to improve something.
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modification
B2
/ˌmɑdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
A change made to something to improve it or make it more suitable.
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cast off
B2
to discard or remove something that is no longer wanted
Phrasal verb
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ease off
B2
to become less strong, severe, or intense
Phrasal verb
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interfere with
B2
to disrupt the proper operation or progress of something
Prepositional verb
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originate in
B2
to begin or come from a particular place or source
Prepositional verb
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shrivel up
B2
to become dry, smaller, and wrinkled
Phrasal verb
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spark off
B2
to cause an event, reaction, or activity to begin
Phrasal verb
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Philosophy & Reasoning(4)
assumption
B2
/əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/
Something you accept as true without proof.
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paradox
B2
/ˈpæɹ.əˌdɑks/
A statement that seems to contradict itself but may still be true.
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contradiction
B2
/ˌkɑːntɹəˈdɪkʃən/
A situation in which two things cannot both be true at the same time.
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inference
B2
/ˈɪn.fɚ.əns/
A conclusion you reach based on evidence or reasoning rather than direct information.
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Abstract Ideas(162)
suffering
B2
/ˈsʌfəɹɪŋ/
A state of pain, distress, or great unhappiness.
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coincidence
B2
/koʊˈɪnsɪdəns/
A surprising situation in which events happen at the same time by chance, with no real connection.
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ease
B2
/iz/
The state of being able to do something without difficulty.
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engagement
B2
/ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/
An agreement to marry, or the period before the wedding.
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madness
B2
/ˈmæd.nəs/
The state of being mentally ill; insanity.
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warren
B2
/ˈwɔːr.ən/
a connected system of burrows in which rabbits live, or the rabbits occupying it
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priority
B2
/pɹaɪˈɔɹ.(ə.)ti/
Something that is more important than other things and needs attention first.
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coma
B2
/ˈkoʊmə/
A deep, prolonged state of unconsciousness, usually caused by serious injury or illness.
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discipline
B2
/ˈdɪsəplɪn/
The ability to control your own behaviour and keep working hard.
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illusion
B2
[ɪˈluː.ʒən]
A false idea or belief about something.
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identification
B2
/aɪˌdɛntɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩/
An official document that proves who you are.
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probation
B2
/proʊˈbeɪ.ʃən/
a court-ordered period in which an offender remains in the community under stated conditions instead of, or after, imprisonment
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distraction
B2
/dɪsˈtɹæk.ʃən/
Something that takes your attention away from what you should be doing.
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temptation
B2
/ˌtɛmpˈteɪʃən/
A strong wish to have or do something you know you should avoid.
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exile
B2
/ɪɡˈzaɪl/
The state of being forced to live away from your home or country.
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addiction
B2
/əˈdɪkˌʃən/
the condition of not being able to stop taking a drug or doing something harmful
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extension
B2
/ɪkˈstɛnʃən/
An extra part added to something to make it bigger or longer.
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nuisance
B2
/ˈnuː.səns/
Something that annoys you or causes trouble.
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portion
B2
/ˈpoɹʃən/
A part of something larger.
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wit
B2
/wɪt/
The ability to say clever, funny things quickly.
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ignorance
B2
/ˈɪɡ.nɚ.əns/
A lack of knowledge or information about something.
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unity
B2
/ˈjunɪti/
The state of being joined together as one; agreement and harmony.
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greatness
B2
/ˈɡɹeɪtnəs/
The quality of being remarkable, important, or admirable.
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vanity
B2
/ˈvænəti/
Too much pride in your own appearance, abilities, or achievements.
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Actions & Processes(602)
found
B2
/ˈfæʊ̯nd/
To start or set up an institution, company, or organization.
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means
B2
/minz/
A method or way of achieving a result.
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making
B2
/ˈmeɪkɪŋ/
The act or process of producing or creating something.
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master
B2
/ˈmas.tə/
To learn or become very skilled at something.
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known
B2
/naːn/
Past participle of "know."
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dig
B2
/dɪɡ/
To break up and move earth, especially to make a hole.
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revenge
B2
/ɹəˈvɛnd͡ʒ/
Action you take to hurt someone because they have hurt you.
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lower
B2
/ˈloʊ.ɚ/
To reduce the amount, level, or strength of something.
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suck
B2
/sʌk/
To pull liquid or air into your mouth using your lips and breath.
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freak
B2
/fɹiːk/
To suddenly become very angry, frightened, or upset (often "freak out").
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sue
B2
/sjuː/
To take legal action against someone in a court of law.
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hunting
B2
/ˈhʌntɪŋ/
The activity of chasing and killing wild animals for food or sport.
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gunshot
B2
/ˈɡʌn.ʃɑt/
The act of firing a gun, or the sound it makes.
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rape
B2
/ˈɹæɪ̯p/
To force someone to have sex against their will.
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swing
B2
/ˈswɪŋ/
To move back and forth or in a curve from a fixed point.
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assure
B2
/əˈʃɔː(ɹ)/
To tell someone something confidently so they feel less worried.
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confess
B2
/kənˈfɛs/
To admit that you have done something wrong.
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blast
B2
/blæst/
To break or destroy something using explosives.
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rip
B2
/ɹɪp/
To tear something quickly and roughly.
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surrender
B2
/səˈɹɛndə(ɹ)/
To stop fighting and admit that you have been defeated.
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pee
B2
/ˈpiː/
To pass urine from the body (informal).
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wipe
B2
/waɪp/
To clean or dry a surface by rubbing it with a cloth, hand, or similar.
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torture
B2
/ˈtoɹt͡ʃɚ/
The act of causing someone severe pain, often to punish them or force a confession.
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division
B2
/dɪˈvɪʒn̩/
The act of separating something into parts, or the way it is split.
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Word Formation & Derivatives(29)
grown-up
B2
/ˈgroʊˌnəp/
An adult, especially as spoken about by or to children.
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semi-final
B2
One of the two matches before the final, deciding which players or teams reach the final.
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carbon dioxide
B2
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carbon footprint
B2
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carbon monoxide
B2
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climate change
B2
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de facto
B2
/ˌdeɪˈfæktoʊ/
existing or operating in practice, even without an official title or formal recognition
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environmentally friendly
B2
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fed up
B2
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first language
B2
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global warming
B2
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hard drive
B2
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health care
B2
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junk food
B2
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last minute
B2
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martial art
B2
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native speaker
B2
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point of view
B2
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polar bear
B2
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prime minister
B2
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real estate
B2
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rush hour
B2
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steering wheel
B2
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stock market
B2
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Register & Style(22)
damn
B2
/ˈdæm/
Used to express anger, surprise, or annoyance (informal).
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ed
B2
/ɛd/
a written abbreviation of edition, especially in bibliographic references
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alley
B2
/ˈæli/
a narrow road or passage, especially between or behind buildings
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khan
B2
/kɑːn/
a title borne by rulers or high-ranking leaders among Turkic, Mongol, and other Central Asian peoples
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oath
B2
/ˈoʊθ/
A serious, formal promise to do something or to tell the truth.
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hart
B2
/hɑɹt/
an adult male deer, especially a red deer more than five years old
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pow
B2
/paʊ/
used to imitate or emphasize the sudden sound of a gunshot, explosion, or hard impact
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hump
B2
/hʌmp/
a rounded raised mass, bulge, or protuberance, including the raised part of a camel's back
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nipple
B2
/ˈnɪpəl/
the small projecting part of a breast or mammary gland through which milk can pass
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rite
B2
/ˈraɪt/
A formal ceremony, especially a religious one, done in a set way.
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bologna
B2
/bəˈloʊni/
a large, finely ground cooked sausage, typically made from a mixture of meats and served in slices
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kimono
B2
/kəˈmoʊnoʊ/
a traditional Japanese robe with wide sleeves, a wrapped front, and a broad sash
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ottoman
B2
/ˈɑtəmən/
a low upholstered seat without a back or arms, often used as a footrest and sometimes containing storage
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tiara
B2
/tiˈɑɹə/
a jeweled ornamental headpiece worn on formal occasions
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spoiler
B2
/ˈspɔɪlɚ/
information that reveals an important plot event or ending and may reduce a story's surprise
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slush
B2
/slʌʃ/
partly melted snow or ice, especially when lying wet and dirty on the ground
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chipmunk
B2
/ˈtʃɪpˌmʌŋk/
a small striped ground squirrel with cheek pouches, native chiefly to North America
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broomstick
B2
/ˈbruːmˌstɪk/
the long handle of a broom, or sometimes the whole broom
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prospectus
B2
/pɹəˈspɛktəs/
a document describing a proposed project, publication, institution, or business and inviting interest or participation
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gooseberry
B2
/ˈɡusˌbɛɹi/
a small, round, tart berry, usually green, yellow, or red, used fresh or in preserves and desserts
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royalist
B2
/ˈrɔɪ.ə.lɪst/
a supporter of monarchy or of a particular monarch or royal dynasty
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retread
B2
/ˈriːˌtred/
a worn tire fitted with a new outer tread so that it can be used again
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General Vocabulary(306)
excuse¹
B2
/ɪksˈkjus/
A reason you give to explain or defend a mistake or failure.
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excuse²
B2
/ɪksˈkjuz/
To forgive someone for a small mistake.
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arms
B2
/ɑɹmz/
Weapons, especially guns, considered as a group.
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ow
B2
/ˈaʊ/
A cry expressing sudden physical pain.
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mate
B2
/meɪt/
A friend.
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lee
B2
/liː/
the sheltered side of something, away from the wind
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devil
B2
/ˈdɛvəl/
An evil supernatural being; in many religions, the chief spirit of evil.
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gang
B2
/ˈɡæŋ/
An organized group of criminals.
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terms
B2
/tɝmz/
The conditions of an agreement or contract.
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crack
B2
/ˈkræk/
A line on a surface where something has broken but not separated.
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remains
B2
/ɹɪˈmeɪnz/
The parts of something that are left after the rest has been used, eaten, or destroyed.
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punch
B2
/pʌnt͡ʃ/
A hard hit with the fist.
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alien
B2
/ˈeɪ.li.ən/
A creature from another planet or from outer space.
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nightmare
B2
/ˈnaɪt.mɛɚ/
A frightening or upsetting dream.
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guts
B2
/ɡʌts/
Courage and determination to do something difficult or frightening.
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mason
B2
/ˈmeɪsən/
a craftsman who works with stone or brick
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headquarters
B2
/ˈhɛdˌkwɔɹ.tɚz/
The main office or centre where an organization is managed.
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cooper
B2
/ˈkupɚ/
a craftsperson who makes or repairs wooden barrels, casks, buckets, and similar vessels
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punk
B2
/ˈpʌŋk/
A style of loud, fast, rebellious rock music and its associated subculture from the 1970s.
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procedure
B2
/pɹəˈsid͡ʒɚ/
A fixed series of steps for doing something correctly.
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nerves
B2
/nɝvz/
Feelings of worry or fear, especially before an important event.
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admiral
B2
/ˈædmərəl/
a senior naval officer, typically of the highest ranks and often commanding a fleet
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cable
B2
/ˈkeɪ.bəl/
A set of wires covered in plastic that carries electricity or signals.
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paperwork
B2
/ˈpeɪ.pɚˌwɝk/
The routine writing and handling of documents, forms, and reports.
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